Modified photosynthetic microorganisms for producing triglycerides

ABSTRACT

This disclosure describes genetically modified photosynthetic microorganisms, including Cyanobacteria, that contain one or more exogenous genes encoding a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a phosphatidate phosphatase, and/or an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and which are capable of producing increased amounts of fatty acids and/or synthesizing triglycerides.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/605,204, filed Oct. 23, 2009; which claims the benefit under 35U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/107,979,filed Oct. 23, 2008, where these applications are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

STATEMENT REGARDING SEQUENCE LISTING

The Sequence Listing associated with this application is provided intext format in lieu of a paper copy, and is hereby incorporated byreference into the specification. The name of the text file containingthe Sequence Listing is 890071_(—)401D1_SEQUENCE LISTING.txt. The textfile is 115 KB, was created on Jun. 4, 2010 and is being submittedelectronically via EFS-Web.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

The present invention relates generally to genetically modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, including Cyanobacteria, capable ofsynthesizing triglycerides, which may be used as a feedstock forproducing biofuels and other specialty chemicals.

2. Description of the Related Art

Triglycerides are neutral polar molecules consisting of glycerolesterified with three fatty acid molecules. Triglycerides are utilizedas carbon and energy storage molecules by most eukaryotic organisms,including plants and algae, and by certain prokaryotic organisms,including certain species of actinomycetes and members of the genusAcinetobacter.

Triglycerides may also be utilized as a feedstock in the production ofbiofuels and/or various specialty chemicals. For example, triglyceridesmay be subject to a transesterification reaction, in which an alcoholreacts with triglyceride oils, such as those contained in vegetableoils, animal fats, recycled greases, to produce biodiesels such as fattyacid alkyl esters. Such reactions also produce glycerin as a by-product,which can be purified for use in the pharmaceutical and cosmeticindustries

Certain organisms can be utilized as a source of triglycerides in theproduction of biofuels. For example, algae naturally producetriglycerides as energy storage molecules, and certain biofuel-relatedtechnologies are presently focused on the use of algae as a feedstockfor biofuels. Algae are photosynthetic organisms, and the use oftriglyceride-producing organisms such as algae provides the ability toproduce biodiesel from sunlight, water, CO₂, macronutrients, andmicronutrients. Algae, however, cannot be readily geneticallymanipulated, and produce much less oil (i.e., triglycerides) underculture conditions than in the wild.

Like algae, Cyanobacteria obtain energy from photosynthesis, utilizingchlorophyll A and water to reduce CO₂. Certain Cyanobacteria can producemetabolites, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids, from justsunlight, water CO₂, water, and inorganic salts. Unlike algae,Cyanobacteria can be genetically manipulated. For example, S. elongatusPCC 7942 (hereafter referred to as “S. elongatus PCC 7942”) is agenetically manipulable, oligotrophic Cyanobacterium that thrives in lownutrient level conditions, and in the wild accumulates fatty acids inthe form of lipid membranes to about 4 to 8% by dry weight.Cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus, however, produce no triglycerideenergy storage molecules, since Cyanobacteria typically lack theessential enzymes involved in triglyceride synthesis.

Clearly, therefore, there is a need in the art for modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, including Cyanobacteria, capable ofproducing triglycerides, e.g., to be used as feedstock in the productionof biofuels and/or various specialty chemicals.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Embodiments of the present invention relate to the demonstration thatphotosynthetic microorganisms, including Cyanobacteria, can begenetically modified to increase fatty acid biosynthesis, and to producetriglycerides from their natural-occurring fatty acids. Generally, themodified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, of thepresent invention comprise one or more polynucleotides encoding one ormore enzymes associated with triglyceride biosynthesis and/or fatty acidsynthesis.

Embodiments of the present invention include methods of producingtriglycerides in a photosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium,comprising introducing one or more polynucleotides encoding one or moreenzymes associated with triglyceride biosynthesis into a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium. In certain aspects, the one ormore enzymes comprise diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and/orphosphatidate phosphatase.

In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions of the presentinvention, the DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT or a variant thereof. Incertain embodiments, the Acinetobacter DGAT is Acinetobacter baylii ADP1diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA). Other DGATs that may be usedaccording to the present invention include, but are not limited to,Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT, Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT, or themodified DGATs described herein.

In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions of the presentinvention, said phosphatidate phosphatase is a yeast phosphatidatephosphatase. In certain aspects, said yeast phosphatidate phosphatase isSaccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1). However,other phosphatidate phosphatases, including but not limited to thosedescribed herein, may also be used.

In certain embodiments of the methods and compositions of the presentinvention, said one or more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase), optionally in combination with diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT) and/or phosphatidate phosphatase. In particular embodiments, theACCase is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACCase, a Triticum aestivum ACCase,or a Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 ACCAse, including, but not limited to,any of those described herein.

In various embodiments of the present invention, said one or morepolynucleotides are codon-optimized for expression in a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium.

Certain embodiments include methods of increasing fatty acid productionby a photosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprisingintroducing one or more polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymesassociated with fatty acid biosynthesis into a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium. In certain aspects, said one ormore enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). In certainaspects, said ACCase is a yeast ACCase or a derivative thereof. Incertain aspects, said ACCase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (yACC1), a Triticum aestivum ACCase, or a Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 ACCAse, including, but not limited to, any of those describedherein. In certain aspects, said one or more enzymes further comprisediacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and phosphatidate phosphatase. Incertain embodiments, the DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT or a variantthereof, including wherein said DGAT is Acinetobacter baylii ADP1diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA). Other DGATs that may be usedaccording to the present invention include, but are not limited to,Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT, Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT, or themodified DGATs described herein. In certain aspects, said phosphatidatephosphatase is a yeast phosphatidate phosphatase, such as aSaccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1). In certainembodiments, said one or more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). In certainembodiments, said one or more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase) and phosphatidate phosphatase. In certain embodiments, said oneor more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), diacylglycerolacyltransferase (DGAT), and phosphatidate phosphatase. In certainaspects, the one or more polynucleotides are codon-optimized forexpression in a photosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium.

Certain embodiments include methods of producing a triglyceride in aphotosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprisingculturing a Cyanobacterium comprising one or more polynucleotidesencoding one or more enzymes associated with triglyceride biosynthesis.In certain embodiments, said one or more enzymes comprise diacylglycerolacyltransferase (DGAT) and/or phosphatidate phosphatase. In certainaspects, said DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT or a variant thereof,including wherein said Acinetobacter DGAT is Acinetobacter baylii ADP1diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA). Other DGATs that may be usedaccording to the present invention include, but are not limited to,Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT, Alcanovorax borkumensis DGAT, or themodified DGATs described herein. In certain aspects, said phosphatidatephosphatase is a yeast phosphatidate phosphatase, including wherein saidyeast phosphatidate phosphatase is Saccharomyces cerevisiaephosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1). In certain embodiments, said one ormore enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), alone or incombination with diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and/orphosphatidate phosphatase.

Certain embodiments of the present invention include methods ofproducing an increased amount of fatty acid in a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprising culturing aphotosynthetic microorganism, e.g., Cyanobacterium comprising one ormore polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated with fattyacid biosynthesis, wherein said polynucleotides are exogenous to thephotosynthetic microorganism's native genome. In certain embodiments,said one or more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase). Incertain aspects, said ACCase is a yeast ACCase or a variant thereof,such as wherein said yeast ACCase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (yACC1). In certain embodiments, said one or more enzymescomprise diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) and/or phosphatidatephosphatase. In certain aspects, said DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT or avariant thereof, including wherein said Acinetobacter DGAT isAcinetobacter baylii ADP1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA). Incertain aspects, said phosphatidate phosphatase is a yeast phosphatidatephosphatase, including wherein said yeast phosphatidate phosphatase isSaccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1). In otherembodiments, any other DGAT, ACCase, or phosphatidate phosphate,including but not limited to those described herein, may be used.

In certain embodiments of the methods provided herein, said one or morepolynucleotides are exogenous to the photosynthetic microorganism's,e.g., Cyanobacterium's, native genome. The one or more polynucleotidesmay also be present in one or more expression constructs, which may bestably integrated into the photosynthetic microorganism's genome, suchas by recombination. Certain expression constructs comprise aconstitutive promoter, and certain expression constructs comprise aninducible promoter. In certain aspects, said one or more polynucleotidesare codon-optimized for expression in a photosynthetic microorganism,e.g., a Cyanobacterium.

The present invention also includes modified photosyntheticmicroorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, comprising one or morepolynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride biosynthesis, or variants or fragments thereof. In certainembodiments, said one or more enzymes comprise diacylglycerolacyltransferase (DGAT) and/or phosphatidate phosphatase. In certainaspects, said DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT or a variant thereof,including wherein said Acinetobacter DGAT is Acinetobacter baylii ADP1diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA). Other DGATs that may be usedaccording to the present invention include, but are not limited to,Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT, Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT, or themodified DGATs described herein. In certain aspects, said phosphatidatephosphatase is a yeast phosphatidate phosphatase, including wherein saidyeast phosphatidate phosphatase is Saccharomyces cerevisiaephosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1).

Embodiments of the present invention also include modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, comprising one ormore polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated with fattyacid biosynthesis. In particular embodiments, said polynucleotides areexogenous to the Cyanobacterium's native genome. In certain embodiments,said one or more enzymes comprise diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)and/or phosphatidate phosphatase. In certain aspects, said DGAT is anAcinetobacter DGAT or a variant thereof, including wherein saidAcinetobacter DGAT is Acinetobacter baylii ADP1 diacylglycerolacyltransferase (AtfA). Other DGATs that may be used according to thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, Streptomycescoelicolor DGAT, Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT, or the modified DGATsdescribed herein. In certain aspects, said phosphatidate phosphatase isa yeast phosphatidate phosphatase, including wherein said yeastphosphatidate phosphatase is Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidatephosphatase (yPah1).

In certain embodiments, said one or more enzymes comprise acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (ACCase). In certain aspects, said ACCase is a yeast ACCaseor a variant thereof. In certain aspects, said ACCase is Saccharomycescerevisiae acetyl-CoA carboxylase (yACC1), a Triticum aestivum ACCase,or a Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 ACCAse. In certain embodiments, the oneor more enzymes of a modified Cyanobacterium comprise acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (ACCase), in combination with diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT) and/or phosphatidate phosphatase.

In certain aspects, the one or more polynucleotides are exogenous to thephotosynthetic microorganism's, e.g., Cyanobacterium's, native genome.The one or more polynucleotide sequences may be present in one or moreexpression constructs, which may be stably integrated into thephotosynthetic microorganism's genome. In certain aspects, the one ormore expression constructs comprise a constitutive promoter. In certainaspects, the one or more expression constructs comprise an induciblepromoter. The one or more polynucleotides of the modified photosyntheticmicroorganism may be codon-optimized for expression in thephotosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacteria. In certain aspects,a modified Cyanobacteria is S. elongatus PCC7942.

Certain embodiments contemplate modified photosynthetic microorganisms,e.g., Cyanobacteria, comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding oneor more enzymes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis, wherein saidone or more enzymes comprise Saccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (yAcc1), Acinetobacter baylii ADP1 diacylglycerolacyltransferase (AtfA), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidatephosphatase (yPah1), wherein said one or more polynucleotides arecodon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacterium, wherein expression ofsaid one or more enzymes in regulated by one or more induciblepromoters, and wherein said Cyanobacterium is S. elongatus PCC7942.

Particular embodiments of the various compositions and methods of thepresent invention contemplate the use of modified photosyntheticmicroorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, comprising two or more differentexogenous DGAT polynucleotides, or fragments or variants thereof, aloneor in combination with one or more phosphatidate phosphatase and/oracetyl-CoA carboxylase polynucleotides, or fragments or variantsthereof.

In various embodiments of the methods and compositions of the presentinvention, the modified photosynthetic microorganism is a Cyanobacteriaselected from S. elongatus PCC 7942, a salt tolerant variant of S.elongatus PCC 7942, Synechococcus PCC 7002, and Synechocystis PCC 6803.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the lipid content as measured by gas chromatography (GC) ofS. elongatus PCC 7942 strain transformed with a diacylglycerolacyltransferase (ADP1-DGAT) gene from Acinetobacter baylii as comparedto an empty vector control. Expression of the DGAT gene was under thecontrol of an IPTG inducible promoter.

FIG. 2 shows a thin layer chromatography assay of triacylglyceride (TAG)and fatty acids present in extracts obtained from S. elongatus PCC 7942strains that carried one of four different DGATs (ADGATd, ADGATn,ScoDGAT, or AboDGAT) or a vector control, either uninduced or inducedwith IPTG. Control TAG (C16TAG) and fatty acid (palmitate) standards arealso shown.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of HPLC analysis of lipid extractsfrom S. elongatus PCC7942 expressing ADGATd (dashed line) as compared towild type S. elongatus (solid line) following induction. The y-axisindicates the intensity of the peaks for the different lipid species,free fatty acids (FFAs), phospholipids, and TAGs, and the x-axisindicates the corresponding retention time.

FIGS. 4A-4B provide graphs showing the acyl chain composition of TAGsproduced by S. elongatus PCC7942 expressing ADP1-DGAT or ScoDGATfollowing induction, as determined by gas chromatography of TAGsisolated by TLC. FIG. 4A shows the amount of various acyl chains in TAGsfrom cells expressing ADGATd, and FIG. 4B shows the amount of variousacyl chains in TAGs from cells expressing ScoGAT.

FIGS. 5A-5B show thin layer chromatography assays of triacylglyceride(TAG) obtained from two different strains that carried ADP1-DGAT. FIG.5A shows the TAGs expressed by a Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 thatcarried ADP1-DGAT (+) or a vector control (−), following induction. FIG.5B shows the TAGs expressed by a salt tolerant S. elongatus PCC 7942that carried ADP1-DGAT, when grown in salt water, either uninduced (−)or induced (+) with IPTG. Control TAG (C16TAG) and fatty acid(palmitate) standards are also shown.

FIG. 6 shows a thin layer chromatography assay of triacylglyceride (TAG)present in extracts obtained from S. elongatus PCC 7942 strains thatover-expressed either Adp1-DGAT or Sco-DGAT, alone or in combinationwith a Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 Accase. A control TAG standard isshown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention relates, in part, to the demonstration thatphotosynthetic organisms, including but not limited to Cyanobacteria,such as Synechococcus, which do not naturally produce triglycerides, canbe genetically modified to synthesize triglycerides. In particular, asshown in the accompanying Examples, the addition of one or morepolynucleotide sequences that encode one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride synthesis renders Cyanobacteria capable of converting theirnaturally-occurring fatty acids into triglyceride energy storagemolecules. Examples of enzymes associated with triglyceride synthesisinclude enzymes having a phosphatidate phosphatase activity and enzymeshaving a diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity (DGAT). Specifically,phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes catalyze the production ofdiacylglycerol molecules, an immediate pre-cursor to triglycerides, andDGAT enzymes catalyze the final step of triglyceride synthesis byconverting the diacylglycerol precursors to triglycerides.

The present invention also relates, in part, to the demonstration thatCyanobacteria can be genetically modified to increase the production offatty acids. Since fatty acids provide the starting material fortriglycerides, increasing the production of fatty acids in geneticallymodified Cyanobacteria may be utilized to increase the production oftriglycerides. As shown in the accompanying Examples, Cyanobacteria canbe modified to increase the production of fatty acids by introducing oneor more exogenous polynucleotide sequences that encode one or moreenzymes associated with fatty acid synthesis. In certain aspects, theexogenous polynucleotide sequence encodes an enzyme that comprises anacyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) activity, typically allowing increasedACCase expression, and, thus, increased intracellular ACCase activity.Increased intracellular ACCase activity contributes to the increasedproduction of fatty acids because this enzyme catalyzes the “commitmentstep” of fatty acid synthesis. Specifically, ACCase catalyzes theproduction of a fatty acid synthesis precursor molecule, malonyl-CoA. Incertain embodiments, the polynucleotide sequence encoding the ACCase isnot native the Cyanobacterium's genome.

DEFINITIONS

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by those of ordinary skillin the art to which the invention belongs. Although any methods andmaterials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used inthe practice or testing of the present invention, preferred methods andmaterials are described. For the purposes of the present invention, thefollowing terms are defined below.

The articles “a” and “an” are used herein to refer to one or to morethan one (i.e. to at least one) of the grammatical object of thearticle. By way of example, “an element” means one element or more thanone element.

By “about” is meant a quantity, level, value, number, frequency,percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by asmuch as 30, 25, 20, 25, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1% to a referencequantity, level, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size,amount, weight or length.

The term “biologically active fragment”, as applied to fragments of areference polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence, refers to a fragmentthat has at least about 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22,24, 26, 28, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96,97, 98, 99, 100, 110, 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,1000% or more of the activity of a reference sequence. The term“reference sequence” refers generally to a nucleic acid coding sequence,or amino acid sequence, of any enzyme having a diacylglycerolacyltransferase activity, a phosphatidate phosphatase activity, and/oran acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, as described herein (see, e.g., SEQID NOS:1-9).

Included within the scope of the present invention are biologicallyactive fragments of at least about 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26,27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200,220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360, 380, 400, 500, 600 or morecontiguous nucleotides or amino acid residues in length, including allintegers in between, which comprise or encode a polypeptide having anenzymatic activity of a reference polynucleotide or polypeptide.Representative biologically active fragments generally participate in aninteraction, e.g., an intra-molecular or an inter-molecular interaction.An inter-molecular interaction can be a specific binding interaction oran enzymatic interaction. Examples of enzymatic interactions oractivities include diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity,phosphatidate phosphatase activity, and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylaseactivity, as described herein.

By “coding sequence” is meant any nucleic acid sequence that contributesto the code for the polypeptide product of a gene. By contrast, the term“non-coding sequence” refers to any nucleic acid sequence that does notcontribute to the code for the polypeptide product of a gene.

Throughout this specification, unless the context requires otherwise,the words “comprise”, “comprises” and “comprising” will be understood toimply the inclusion of a stated step or element or group of steps orelements but not the exclusion of any other step or element or group ofsteps or elements.

By “consisting of” is meant including, and limited to, whatever followsthe phrase “consisting of.” Thus, the phrase “consisting of” indicatesthat the listed elements are required or mandatory, and that no otherelements may be present.

By “consisting essentially of” is meant including any elements listedafter the phrase, and limited to other elements that do not interferewith or contribute to the activity or action specified in the disclosurefor the listed elements. Thus, the phrase “consisting essentially of”indicates that the listed elements are required or mandatory, but thatother elements are optional and may or may not be present depending uponwhether or not they affect the activity or action of the listedelements.

The terms “complementary” and “complementarity” refer to polynucleotides(i.e., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. Forexample, the sequence “A-G-T,” is complementary to the sequence “T-C-A.”Complementarity may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleicacids' bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. Or, theremay be “complete” or “total” complementarity between the nucleic acids.The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands hassignificant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridizationbetween nucleic acid strands.

By “corresponds to” or “corresponding to” is meant (a) a polynucleotidehaving a nucleotide sequence that is substantially identical orcomplementary to all or a portion of a reference polynucleotide sequenceor encoding an amino acid sequence identical to an amino acid sequencein a peptide or protein; or (b) a peptide or polypeptide having an aminoacid sequence that is substantially identical to a sequence of aminoacids in a reference peptide or protein.

By “derivative” is meant a polypeptide that has been derived from thebasic sequence by modification, for example by conjugation or complexingwith other chemical moieties (e.g., pegylation) or by post-translationalmodification techniques as would be understood in the art. The term“derivative” also includes within its scope alterations that have beenmade to a parent sequence including additions or deletions that providefor functionally equivalent molecules.

By “enzyme reactive conditions” it is meant that any necessaryconditions are available in an environment (i.e., such factors astemperature, pH, lack of inhibiting substances) which will permit theenzyme to function. Enzyme reactive conditions can be either in vitro,such as in a test tube, or in vivo, such as within a cell.

As used herein, the terms “function” and “functional” and the like referto a biological, enzymatic, or therapeutic function.

By “gene” is meant a unit of inheritance that occupies a specific locuson a chromosome and consists of transcriptional and/or translationalregulatory sequences and/or a coding region and/or non-translatedsequences (i.e., introns, 5′ and 3′ untranslated sequences).

“Homology” refers to the percentage number of amino acids that areidentical or constitute conservative substitutions. Homology may bedetermined using sequence comparison programs such as GAP (Deveraux etal., 1984, Nucleic Acids Research 12, 387-395) which is incorporatedherein by reference. In this way sequences of a similar or substantiallydifferent length to those cited herein could be compared by insertion ofgaps into the alignment, such gaps being determined, for example, by thecomparison algorithm used by GAP.

The term “host cell” includes an individual cell or cell culture whichcan be or has been a recipient of any recombinant vector(s) or isolatedpolynucleotide of the invention. Host cells include progeny of a singlehost cell, and the progeny may not necessarily be completely identical(in morphology or in total DNA complement) to the original parent celldue to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation and/or change. A hostcell includes cells transfected or infected in vivo or in vitro with arecombinant vector or a polynucleotide of the invention. A host cellwhich comprises a recombinant vector of the invention is a recombinanthost cell.

By “isolated” is meant material that is substantially or essentiallyfree from components that normally accompany it in its native state. Forexample, an “isolated polynucleotide”, as used herein, refers to apolynucleotide, which has been purified from the sequences which flankit in a naturally-occurring state, e.g., a DNA fragment which has beenremoved from the sequences that are normally adjacent to the fragment.Alternatively, an “isolated peptide” or an “isolated polypeptide” andthe like, as used herein, refer to in vitro isolation and/orpurification of a peptide or polypeptide molecule from its naturalcellular environment, and from association with other components of thecell.

By “increased” or “increasing” is meant the ability of one or moremodified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, to producea greater amount of a given fatty acid, lipid molecule, or triglycerideas compared to a control Cyanobacteria, such as an unmodifiedCyanobacteria or a differently modified Cyanobacteria. Production offatty acids can be measured according to techniques known in the art,such as Nile Red staining and gas chromatography. Production oftriglycerides can be measured, for example, using commercially availableenzymatic tests, including colorimetric enzymatic tests usingglycerol-3-phosphate-oxidase.

By “obtained from” is meant that a sample such as, for example, apolynucleotide extract or polypeptide extract is isolated from, orderived from, a particular source, such as a desired organism or aspecific tissue within a desired organism. “Obtained from” can alsorefer to the situation in which a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequenceis isolated from, or derived from, a particular organism or tissuewithin an organism. For example, a polynucleotide sequence encoding adiacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, and/oracetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme may be isolated from a variety ofprokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms, or from particular tissues or cellswithin certain eukaryotic organism.

The term “operably linked” as used herein means placing a gene under theregulatory control of a promoter, which then controls the transcriptionand optionally the translation of the gene. In the construction ofheterologous promoter/structural gene combinations, it is generallypreferred to position the genetic sequence or promoter at a distancefrom the gene transcription start site that is approximately the same asthe distance between that genetic sequence or promoter and the gene itcontrols in its natural setting; i.e. the gene from which the geneticsequence or promoter is derived. As is known in the art, some variationin this distance can be accommodated without loss of function.Similarly, the preferred positioning of a regulatory sequence elementwith respect to a heterologous gene to be placed under its control isdefined by the positioning of the element in its natural setting; i.e.,the genes from which it is derived. “Constitutive promoters” aretypically active, i.e., promote transcription, under most conditions.“Inducible promoters” are typically active only under certainconditions, such as in the presence of a given molecule factor (e.g.,IPTG) or a given environmental condition (e.g., particular CO₂concentration, nutrient levels, light, heat). In the absence of thatcondition, inducible promoters typically do not allow significant ormeasurable levels of transcriptional activity. For example, induciblepromoters may be induced according to temperature, pH, a hormone, ametabolite (e.g., lactose, mannitol, an amino acid), light (e.g.,wavelength specific), osmotic potential (e.g., salt induced), a heavymetal, or an antibiotic. Numerous standard inducible promoters will beknown to one of skill in the art.

The recitation “polynucleotide” or “nucleic acid” as used hereindesignates mRNA, RNA, cRNA, rRNA, cDNA or DNA. The term typically refersto polymeric form of nucleotides of at least 10 bases in length, eitherribonucleotides or deoxynucleotides or a modified form of either type ofnucleotide. The term includes single and double stranded forms of DNA.

The terms “polynucleotide variant” and “variant” and the like refer topolynucleotides displaying substantial sequence identity with areference polynucleotide sequence or polynucleotides that hybridize witha reference sequence under stringent conditions that are definedhereinafter. These terms also encompass polynucleotides that aredistinguished from a reference polynucleotide by the addition, deletionor substitution of at least one nucleotide. Accordingly, the terms“polynucleotide variant” and “variant” include polynucleotides in whichone or more nucleotides have been added or deleted, or replaced withdifferent nucleotides. In this regard, it is well understood in the artthat certain alterations inclusive of mutations, additions, deletionsand substitutions can be made to a reference polynucleotide whereby thealtered polynucleotide retains the biological function or activity ofthe reference polynucleotide, or has increased activity in relation tothe reference polynucleotide (i.e., optimized). Polynucleotide variantsinclude, for example, polynucleotides having at least 50% (and at least51% to at least 99% and all integer percentages in between) sequenceidentity with a reference polynucleotide sequence that encodes adiacylglycerol acyltransferase, a phosphatidate phosphatase, and/or anacetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme. The terms “polynucleotide variant” and“variant” also include naturally-occurring allelic variants andorthologs that encode these enzymes.

With regard to polynucleotides, the term “exogenous” refers to apolynucleotide sequence that does not naturally occur in a wild-typecell or organism, but is typically introduced into the cell by molecularbiological techniques. Examples of exogenous polynucleotides includevectors, plasmids, and/or man-made nucleic acid constructs encoding adesired protein. With regard to polynucleotides, the term “endogenous”or “native” refers to naturally occurring polynucleotide sequences thatmay be found in a given wild-type cell or organism. For example, certaincyanobacterial species do not typically contain a DGAT gene, and,therefore, do not comprise an “endogenous” polynucleotide sequence thatencodes a DGAT polypeptide. Also, a particular polynucleotide sequencethat is isolated from a first organism and transferred to secondorganism by molecular biological techniques is typically considered an“exogenous” polynucleotide with respect to the second organism.

“Polypeptide,” “polypeptide fragment,” “peptide” and “protein” are usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues andto variants and synthetic analogues of the same. Thus, these terms applyto amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residues aresynthetic non-naturally occurring amino acids, such as a chemicalanalogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well asto naturally-occurring amino acid polymers. In certain aspects,polypeptides may include enzymatic polypeptides, or “enzymes,” whichtypically catalyze (i.e., increase the rate of) various chemicalreactions.

The recitation polypeptide “variant” refers to polypeptides that aredistinguished from a reference polypeptide sequence by the addition,deletion or substitution of at least one amino acid residue. In certainembodiments, a polypeptide variant is distinguished from a referencepolypeptide by one or more substitutions, which may be conservative ornon-conservative. In certain embodiments, the polypeptide variantcomprises conservative substitutions and, in this regard, it is wellunderstood in the art that some amino acids may be changed to otherswith broadly similar properties without changing the nature of theactivity of the polypeptide. Polypeptide variants also encompasspolypeptides in which one or more amino acids have been added ordeleted, or replaced with different amino acid residues.

The present invention contemplates the use in the methods describedherein of variants of full-length enzymes having diacylglycerolacyltransferase activity, phosphatidate phosphatase activity, and/oracetyl-CoA carboxylase activity, truncated fragments of thesefull-length polypeptides, variants of truncated fragments, as well astheir related biologically active fragments. Typically, biologicallyactive fragments of a polypeptide may participate in an interaction, forexample, an intra-molecular or an inter-molecular interaction. Aninter-molecular interaction can be a specific binding interaction or anenzymatic interaction (e.g., the interaction can be transient and acovalent bond is formed or broken). Biologically active fragments of apolypeptide/enzyme having a diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, aphosphatidate phosphatase activity, and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylaseactivity include peptides comprising amino acid sequences sufficientlysimilar to, or derived from, the amino acid sequences of a (putative)full-length reference polypeptide sequence. Typically, biologicallyactive fragments comprise a domain or motif with at least one activityof a diacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide, phosphatidatephosphatase polypeptide, and/or acetyl-coA carboxylase polypeptide, andmay include one or more (and in some cases all) of the various activedomains. A biologically active fragment of a diacylglycerolacyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, and/or acetyl-CoAcarboxylase polypeptide can be a polypeptide fragment which is, forexample, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140,150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360,380, 400, 450, 500, 600 or more contiguous amino acids, including allintegers in between, of a reference polypeptide sequence. In certainembodiments, a biologically active fragment comprises a conservedenzymatic sequence, domain, or motif, as described elsewhere herein andknown in the art. Suitably, the biologically-active fragment has no lessthan about 1%, 10%, 25%, 50% of an activity of the wild-type polypeptidefrom which it is derived.

A “reference sequence,” as used herein, refers to a wild-typepolynucleotide or polypeptide sequence from any organism, e.g., whereinthe polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide having a diacylglycerolacyltransferase enzymatic activity, a phosphatidate phosphataseenzymatic activity, or an acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzymatic activity, asdescribed herein and known in the art. Exemplary polypeptide “referencesequences” are provided herein, including the amino acid sequence of adiacylglycerol acyltransferase polypeptide from Acinetobacter baylii(SEQ ID NO:1), the amino acid sequence of a phosphatidate phosphatasepolypeptide (yPah1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO:2), and theamino acid sequence of an acyl-CoA carboxylase (yAcc1) fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae (SEQ ID NO:3), among others (see, e.g., SEQ IDNOS:4-9, among others known to a person skilled in the art).

The recitations “sequence identity” or, for example, comprising a“sequence 50% identical to,” as used herein, refer to the extent thatsequences are identical on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis or an aminoacid-by-amino acid basis over a window of comparison. Thus, a“percentage of sequence identity” may be calculated by comparing twooptimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determiningthe number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g.,A, T, C, G, I) or the identical amino acid residue (e.g., Ala, Pro, Ser,Thr, Gly, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Lys, Arg, His, Asp, Glu, Asn,Gln, Cys and Met) occurs in both sequences to yield the number ofmatched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the totalnumber of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size),and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequenceidentity.

Terms used to describe sequence relationships between two or morepolynucleotides or polypeptides include “reference sequence”,“comparison window”, “sequence identity”, “percentage of sequenceidentity” and “substantial identity”. A “reference sequence” is at least12 but frequently 15 to 18 and often at least 25 monomer units,inclusive of nucleotides and amino acid residues, in length. Because twopolynucleotides may each comprise (1) a sequence (i.e., only a portionof the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the twopolynucleotides, and (2) a sequence that is divergent between the twopolynucleotides, sequence comparisons between two (or more)polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of thetwo polynucleotides over a “comparison window” to identify and comparelocal regions of sequence similarity. A “comparison window” refers to aconceptual segment of at least 6 contiguous positions, usually about 50to about 100, more usually about 100 to about 150 in which a sequence iscompared to a reference sequence of the same number of contiguouspositions after the two sequences are optimally aligned. The comparisonwindow may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of about 20% orless as compared to the reference sequence (which does not compriseadditions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences.Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window may beconducted by computerized implementations of algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT,FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive Madison, Wis., USA) orby inspection and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highestpercentage homology over the comparison window) generated by any of thevarious methods selected. Reference also may be made to the BLAST familyof programs as for example disclosed by Altschul et al., 1997, Nucl.Acids Res. 25:3389. A detailed discussion of sequence analysis can befound in Unit 19.3 of Ausubel et al., “Current Protocols in MolecularBiology”, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1994-1998, Chapter 15.

As used herein, the term “triglyceride” (triacylglycerol or neutral fat)refers to a fatty acid triester of glycerol. Triglycerides are typicallynon-polar and water-insoluble. Phosphoglycerides (orglycerophospholipids) are major lipid components of biologicalmembranes.

“Transformation” refers to the permanent, heritable alteration in a cellresulting from the uptake and incorporation of foreign DNA into thehost-cell genome; also, the transfer of an exogenous gene from oneorganism into the genome of another organism.

By “vector” is meant a polynucleotide molecule, preferably a DNAmolecule derived, for example, from a plasmid, bacteriophage, yeast orvirus, into which a polynucleotide can be inserted or cloned. A vectorpreferably contains one or more unique restriction sites and can becapable of autonomous replication in a defined host cell including atarget cell or tissue or a progenitor cell or tissue thereof, or beintegrable with the genome of the defined host such that the clonedsequence is reproducible. Accordingly, the vector can be an autonomouslyreplicating vector, i.e., a vector that exists as an extra-chromosomalentity, the replication of which is independent of chromosomalreplication, e.g., a linear or closed circular plasmid, anextra-chromosomal element, a mini-chromosome, or an artificialchromosome. The vector can contain any means for assuringself-replication. Alternatively, the vector can be one which, whenintroduced into the host cell, is integrated into the genome andreplicated together with the chromosome(s) into which it has beenintegrated. Such a vector may comprise specific sequences that allowrecombination into a particular, desired site of the host chromosome. Avector system can comprise a single vector or plasmid, two or morevectors or plasmids, which together contain the total DNA to beintroduced into the genome of the host cell, or a transposon. The choiceof the vector will typically depend on the compatibility of the vectorwith the host cell into which the vector is to be introduced. In thepresent case, the vector is preferably one which is operably functionalin a bacterial cell, such as a cyanobacterial cell. The vector caninclude a reporter gene, such as a green fluorescent protein (GFP),which can be either fused in frame to one or more of the encodedpolypeptides, or expressed separately. The vector can also include aselection marker such as an antibiotic resistance gene that can be usedfor selection of suitable transformants.

The terms “wild-type” and “naturally occurring” are used interchangeablyto refer to a gene or gene product that has the characteristics of thatgene or gene product when isolated from a naturally occurring source. Awild type gene or gene product (e.g., a polypeptide) is that which ismost frequently observed in a population and is thus arbitrarilydesigned the “normal” or “wild-type” form of the gene.

Modified Photosynthetic Microorganisms and Methods of ProducingTriglycerides and Fatty Acids

Certain embodiments of the present invention relate to modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, and methods of usethereof, wherein the modified photosynthetic microorganism comprises oneor more polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride biosynthesis, such as wherein the enzymes comprise adiacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity and/or a phosphatidatephosphatase activity. The present invention contemplates the use ofnaturally-occurring and non-naturally-occurring variants of these DGATand phosphatidate phosphatase enzymes, as well as variants of theirencoding polynucleotides. In certain aspects, the DGAT encodingpolynucleotide sequence is derived from Acinetobacter baylii(ADP1-DGAT), and the phosphatidate phosphatase encoding polynucleotidesequence is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yPah1). These enzyme encodingsequences, however, may be derived from any organism having a suitableDGAT or phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme, and may also include anyman-made variants thereof, such as any optimized coding sequences (i.e.,codon-optimized polynucleotides) or optimized polypeptide sequences.Exemplary polypeptide and polynucleotide sequences are described infra.

In certain embodiments, the modified photosynthetic microorganisms ofthe present invention may comprise two or more polynucleotides thatencode DGAT or a variant or fragment thereof. In particular embodiments,the two or more polynucleotides are identical or express the same DGAT.In certain embodiments, these two or more polynucleotides may bedifferent or may encode two different DGAT polypeptides. For example, inone embodiment, one of the polynucleotides may encode ADGATd, whileanother polynucleotide may encode ScoDGAT. In particular embodiments,the following DGATs are coexpressed in modified photosyntheticmicroorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, using one of the following doubleDGAT strains: ADGATd(NS1)::ADGATd(NS2); ADGATn(NS1)::ADGATn(NS2);ADGATn(NS1)::SDGAT(NS2); SDGAT(NS1)::ADGATn(NS2);SDGAT(NS1)::SDGAT(NS2). For the NS1 vector, pAM2291, EcoRI follows ATGand is part of the open reading frame (ORF). For the NS2 vector,pAM1579, EcoRI follows ATG and is part of the ORF. A DGAT having EcoRInucleotides following ATG may be cloned in either pAM2291 or pAM1579;such a DGAT is referred to as ADGATd. Other embodiments utilize thevector, pAM2314FTrc3, which is an NS1 vector with Nde/BgIII sites, orthe vector, pAM1579FTrc3, which is the NS2 vector with Nde/BgIII sites.A DGAT without EcoRI nucleotides may be cloned into either of these lasttwo vectors. Such a DGAT is referred to as ADGATn. As shown in theaccompanying Examples, modified photosynthetic microorganisms expressingdifferent DGATs express TAGs having different fatty acid compositions.Accordingly, certain embodiments of the present invention contemplateexpressing two or more different DGATs, in order to produce DAGs havingvaried fatty acid compositions.

Related embodiments contemplate expressing two or more differentphosphatidate phosphatase and/or two or more different acetyl-CoAcarboxylases.

Embodiments of the present invention also relate to modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, and methods of usethereof, wherein the modified Cyanobacteria comprise one or morepolynucleotides encoding enzymes associated with fatty acidbiosynthesis, such as wherein said polynucleotides are exogenous to theCyanobacterium's native genome. In certain aspects, the enzymesassociated with fatty acid synthesis comprise an acetyl-CoA carboxylase(ACCase) activity, including naturally-occurring andnon-naturally-occurring functional variants of such enzymes and theirencoding polynucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotidesequence encoding the ACCase enzyme is derived from Saccharomycescerevisiae (yAcc1). As above, however, these ACCase enzyme encodingsequences may be derived from any organism having a suitable ACCaseenzyme, and may also include any man-made variants thereof, such as anyoptimized coding sequences (i.e., codon-optimized polynucleotides) oroptimized polypeptide sequences.

Since, as noted above, fatty acids provide the starting material fortriglyceride production, genetically modified Cyanobacteria havingincreased fatty acid production may by utilized to improve the overallproduction of triglycerides. Accordingly, certain embodiments relate tomodified Cyanobacteria, and methods of use thereof, wherein theCyanobacteria comprise one or more polynucleotides encoding enzymesassociated with fatty acid synthesis and triglyceride synthesis. Assuch, in certain embodiments, the modified Cyanobacteria of the presentinvention comprise one or more polynucleotides encoding enzymes thatcomprise a DGAT activity and/or a phosphatidate phosphatase activity, aswell as an exogenous enzyme comprising an ACCase activity.

Embodiments of the present invention also include methods of producingtriglyceride in a photosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium,comprising introducing one or more polynucleotides encoding one or moreenzymes associated with triglyceride biosynthesis into a photosyntheticmicroorganism, incubating the photosynthetic microorganism for a timeand under conditions sufficient to allow triglyceride production,thereby producing triglyceride in the photosynthetic microorganism. Alsocontemplated are methods of producing a triglyceride in a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprising culturing aphotosynthetic microorganism comprising one or more polynucleotidesencoding one or more enzymes associated with triglyceride biosynthesis,for a time and under conditions sufficient to allow triglycerideproduction. In certain embodiments, the one or more enzymes comprise adiacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymatic activity and/or aphosphatidate phosphatase enzymatic activity. In particular embodiments,the one or more enzymes comprise both a DGAT enzymatic activity and aphosphotidate phosphatase enzymatic activity. In certain embodiments theone or more enzymes comprise an acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) enzymaticactivity, as well as a diacylglycerol DGAT enzymatic activity and/or aphosphatidate phosphatase enzymatic activity. In one embodiment, the oneor more enzymes comprise a DGAT enzymatic activity, a phosphotidatephosphatase enzymatic activity, and an acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase)enzymatic activity. In particular embodiments, one or more of thepolynucleotides are exogenous to the photosynthetic microorganism'snative genome.

The present invention also relates to methods of producing an increasedamount of fatty acid, e.g., a free fatty acid, in a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprising introducing one ormore polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated with fattyacid biosynthesis into a photosynthetic microorganism, culturing theCyanobacterium for a time and under conditions sufficient to allowincreased fatty acid production, thereby producing an increased amountof fatty acid in the Cyanobacterium. Also contemplated are methods ofproducing an increased amount of fatty acid in a photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacterium, comprising culturing aphotosynthetic microorganism comprising one or more polynucleotidesencoding one or more enzymes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis. Incertain embodiments, one or more of the polynucleotides are exogenous tothe photosynthetic microorganism's native genome. In certainembodiments, the one or more enzymes comprise an ACCase enzymaticactivity. In producing triglycerides, the modified Cyanobacteria of thepresent invention may be cultured according to routine techniques knownin the art and exemplified herein, such as photobioreactor based culturetechniques.

The present invention also relates to methods of preparing a modifiedphotosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a modified Cyanobacterium, such asby genetic modification, to increase production of naturally-occurringfatty acids, e.g., free fatty acids, and/or to produce triglycerides.Photosynthetic microorganisms, such as Cyanobacteria, can be geneticallymodified according to routine techniques known in the art, such as bytransformation of vectors suitable for use in Cyanobacteria. In certainaspects, genetic manipulation in Cyanobacteria can be performed by theintroduction of non-replicating vectors which contain nativeCyanobacterial sequences, exogenous genes of interest, and drugresistance genes. Upon introduction into the Cyanobacterial cell, thevectors may be integrated into the Cyanobacterial genome throughhomologous recombination. In this way, the exogenous gene of interestand the drug resistance gene are stably integrated into theCyanobacterial genome. Such recombinants cells can then be isolated fromnon-recombinant cells by drug selection. Examples of suitable vectorsare provided herein.

Embodiments of the present invention include methods of producingtriglycerides in a Cyanobacterium, comprising introducing one or morepolynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride biosynthesis into a Cyanobacterium, such as an enzymehaving a phosphatidate phosphatase activity and/or an enzyme having adiacylglycerol transferase activity.

In certain aspects, genetically modified photosynthetic microorganisms,e.g., Cyanobacteria, may be prepared by (i) introducing one or moredesired polynucleotides encoding one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride biosynthesis into a photosynthetic microorganism, and (ii)selecting for, and/or isolating, photosynthetic microorganisms thatcomprise the one or more desired polynucleotides. As one example,selection and isolation may include the use of antibiotic resistantmarkers known in the art (e.g., kanamycin, spectinomycin, andstreptomycin) In certain embodiments, genetically modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, may be prepared by(i) introducing one or more desired, exogenous polynucleotides encodingone or more enzymes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis into aphotosynthetic microorganism, e.g., a Cyanobacteria, and (ii) selectingfor, and/or isolating, photosynthetic microorganisms that comprise oneor more desired, exogenous polynucleotides. In certain embodiments,genetically modified photosynthetic microorganisms may be prepared by(i) introducing one or more desired polynucleotides encoding one or moreenzymes associated with fatty acid biosynthesis and triglyceridesynthesis into a photosynthetic microorganism, and (ii) selecting for,and/or isolating, photosynthetic microorganisms that comprise the one ormore desired polynucleotides.

In certain embodiments, the one or more enzymes associated withtriglyceride synthesis comprise a diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT)enzymatic activity or a phosphatidate phosphatase enzymatic activity. Insome embodiments, the one or more enzymes associated with triglyceridesynthesis comprise both a DGAT enzymatic activity and a phosphatidatephosphatase enzymatic activity. In certain embodiments the one or moreenzymes associated fatty acid biosynthesis comprise an acyl-CoAcarboxylase (ACCase) enzymatic activity. In particular embodiments, theone or more enzymes associated with triglyceride synthesis comprise anacyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) enzymatic activity and either a DGATenzymatic activity or a phosphatidate phosphatase enzymatic activity. Inone embodiment, the one or more enzymes associated with triglyceridesynthesis comprise an acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) enzymatic activity,a DGAT enzymatic activity, and a phosphatidate phosphatase enzymaticactivity.

Photosynthetic Microorganisms

Modified photosynthetic microorganisms of the present invention may beany type of photosynthetic microorganism. These include, but are notlimited to photosynthetic bacteria, green algae, and cyanobacteria. Thephotosynthetic microorganism can be, for example, a naturallyphotosynthetic microorganism, such as a cyanobacterium, or an engineeredphotosynthetic microorganism, such as an artificially photosyntheticbacterium. Exemplary microorganisms that are either naturallyphotosynthetic or can be engineered to be photosynthetic include, butare not limited to, bacteria; fungi; archaea; protists; eukaryotes, suchas a green algae; and animals such as plankton, planarian, and amoeba.Examples of naturally occurring photosynthetic microorganisms include,but are not limited to, Spirulina maximum, Spirulina platensis,Dunaliella salina, Botrycoccus braunii, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorellapyrenoidosa, Serenastrum capricomutum, Scenedesmus auadricauda,Porphyridium cruentum, Scenedesmus acutus, Dunaliella sp., Scenedesmusobliquus, Anabaenopsis, Aulosira, Cylindrospermum, Synechoccus sp.,Synechocystis sp., and/or Tolypothrix.

A modified Cyanobacteria of the present invention may be from any generaor species of Cyanobacteria that is genetically manipulable, i.e.,permissible to the introduction and expression of exogenous geneticmaterial. Examples of Cyanobacteria that can be engineered according tothe methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to,the genus Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Thermosynechococcus, Nostoc,Prochlorococcu, Microcystis, Anabaena, Spirulina, and Gloeobacter.

Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria, orCyanophyta, is a phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy throughphotosynthesis. Cyanobacteria can produce metabolites, such ascarbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, from CO₂, water,inorganic salts and light. Any Cyanobacteria may be used according tothe present invention.

Cyanobacteria include both unicellular and colonial species. Coloniesmay form filaments, sheets or even hollow balls. Some filamentouscolonies show the ability to differentiate into several different celltypes, such as vegetative cells, the normal, photosynthetic cells thatare formed under favorable growing conditions; akinetes, theclimate-resistant spores that may form when environmental conditionsbecome harsh; and thick-walled heterocysts, which contain the enzymenitrogenase, vital for nitrogen fixation.

Heterocysts may also form under the appropriate environmental conditions(e.g., anoxic) whenever nitrogen is necessary. Heterocyst-formingspecies are specialized for nitrogen fixation and are able to fixnitrogen gas, which cannot be used by plants, into ammonia (NH₃),nitrites (NO₂ ⁻), or nitrates (NO₃ ⁻), which can be absorbed by plantsand converted to protein and nucleic acids.

Many Cyanobacteria also form motile filaments, called hormogonia, whichtravel away from the main biomass to bud and form new colonieselsewhere. The cells in a hormogonium are often thinner than in thevegetative state, and the cells on either end of the motile chain may betapered. In order to break away from the parent colony, a hormogoniumoften must tear apart a weaker cell in a filament, called a necridium.

Each individual cyanobacterial cell typically has a thick, gelatinouscell wall. Cyanobacteria differ from other gram-negative bacteria inthat the quorum sensing molecules autoinducer-2 and acyl-homoserinelactones are absent. They lack flagella, but hormogonia and someunicellular species may move about by gliding along surfaces. In watercolumns some Cyanobacteria float by forming gas vesicles, like inarchaea.

Cyanobacteria have an elaborate and highly organized system of internalmembranes that function in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inCyanobacteria generally uses water as an electron donor and producesoxygen as a by-product, though some Cyanobacteria may also use hydrogensulfide, similar to other photosynthetic bacteria. Carbon dioxide isreduced to form carbohydrates via the Calvin cycle. In most forms thephotosynthetic machinery is embedded into folds of the cell membrane,called thylakoids. Due to their ability to fix nitrogen in aerobicconditions, Cyanobacteria are often found as symbionts with a number ofother groups of organisms such as fungi (e.g., lichens), corals,pteridophytes (e.g., Azolla), and angiosperms (e.g., Gunnera), amongothers.

Cyanobacteria are the only group of organisms that are able to reducenitrogen and carbon in aerobic conditions. The water-oxidizingphotosynthesis is accomplished by coupling the activity of photosystem(PS) II and I (Z-scheme). In anaerobic conditions, Cyanobacteria arealso able to use only PS I (i.e., cyclic photophosphorylation) withelectron donors other than water (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, thiosulphate,or molecular hydrogen), similar to purple photosynthetic bacteria.Furthermore, Cyanobacteria share an archaeal property; the ability toreduce elemental sulfur by anaerobic respiration in the dark. TheCyanobacterial photosynthetic electron transport system shares the samecompartment as the components of respiratory electron transport.Typically, the plasma membrane contains only components of therespiratory chain, while the thylakoid membrane hosts both respiratoryand photosynthetic electron transport.

Phycobilisomes, attached to the thylakoid membrane, act as lightharvesting antennae for the photosystems of Cyanobacteria. Thephycobilisome components (phycobiliproteins) are responsible for theblue-green pigmentation of most Cyanobacteria. Color variations aremainly due to carotenoids and phycoerythrins, which may provide thecells with a red-brownish coloration. In some Cyanobacteria, the colorof light influences the composition of phycobilisomes. In green light,the cells accumulate more phycoerythrin, whereas in red light theyproduce more phycocyanin. Thus, the bacteria appear green in red lightand red in green light. This process is known as complementary chromaticadaptation and represents a way for the cells to maximize the use ofavailable light for photosynthesis.

In particular embodiments, the Cyanobacteria may be, e.g., a marine formof Cyanobacteria or a fresh water form of Cyanobacteria. Examples ofmarine forms of Cyanobacteria include, but are not limited toSynechococcus WH8102, Synechococcus RCC307, Synechococcus NKBG 15041c,and Trichodesmium. Examples of fresh water forms of Cyanobacteriainclude, but are not limited to, S. elongatus PCC 7942, SynechocystisPCC6803, Plectonema boryanum, and Anabaena sp. Exogenous geneticmaterial encoding the desired enzymes may be introduced eithertransiently, such as in certain self-replicating vectors, or stably,such as by integration (e.g., recombination) into the Cyanobacterium'snative genome.

In other embodiments, a genetically modified Cyanobacteria of thepresent invention may be capable of growing in brackish or salt water.When using a fresh water form of Cyanobacteria, the overall net cost forproduction of triglycerides will depend on both the nutrients requiredto grow the culture and the price for freshwater. One can foreseefreshwater being a limited resource in the future, and in that case itwould be more cost effective to find an alternative to freshwater. Twosuch alternatives include: (1) the use of waste water from treatmentplants; and (2) the use of salt or brackish water.

Salt water in the oceans can range in salinity between 3.1% and 3.8%,the average being 3.5%, and this is mostly, but not entirely, made up ofsodium chloride (NaCl) ions. Brackish water, on the other hand, has moresalinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater. Brackish watercontains between 0.5% and 3% salinity, and thus includes a large rangeof salinity regimes and is therefore not precisely defined. Waste wateris any water that has undergone human influence. It consists of liquidwaste released from domestic and commercial properties, industry, and/oragriculture and can encompass a wide range of possible contaminants atvarying concentrations.

There is a broad distribution of Cyanobacteria in the oceans, withSynechococcus filling just one niche. Specifically, Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 (formerly known as Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain PR-6) growsin brackish water, is unicellular and has an optimal growing temperatureof 38° C. While this strain is well suited to grow in conditions of highsalt, it will grow slowly in freshwater. In particular embodiments, thepresent invention contemplates the use of a Cyanobacteria PCC 7942,altered in a way that allows for growth in either waste water orsalt/brackish water. A Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 mutant resistantto sodium chloride stress has been described (Bagchi, S. N. et al.,Photosynth Res. 2007, 92:87-101), and a genetically modified S.elongatus PCC 7942 tolerant of growth in salt water has been described(Waditee, R. et al., PNAS 2002, 99:4109-4114). Salt water tolerantCyanobacteria may also be prepared as described in the accompanyingExamples. According to the present invention a salt water tolerantstrain is capable of growing in water or media having a salinity in therange of 0.5% to 4.0% salinity, although it is not necessarily capableof growing in all salinities encompassed by this range. In oneembodiment, a salt tolerant strain is capable of growth in water ormedia having a salinity in the range of 1.0% to 2.0% salinity. Inanother embodiment, a salt water tolerant strain is capable of growth inwater or media having a salinity in the range of 2.0% to 3.0% salinity.

Examples of cyanobacteria that may be utilized and/or geneticallymodified according to the methods described herein include, but are notlimited to, Chroococcales cyanobacteria from the genera Aphanocapsa,Aphanothece, Chamaesiphon, Chroococcus, Chroogloeocystis,Coelosphaerium, Crocosphaera, Cyanobacterium, Cyanobium, Cyanodictyon,Cyanosarcina, Cyanothece, Dactylococcopsis, Gloecapsa, Gloeothece,Merismopedia, Microcystis, Radiocystis, Rhabdoderma, Snowella,Synychococcus, Synechocystis, Thermosenechococcus, and Woronichinia;Nostacales cyanobacteria from the genera Anabaena, Anabaenopsis,Aphanizomenon, Aulosira, Calothrix, Coleodesmium, Cyanospira,Cylindrospermosis, Cylindrospermum, Fremyella, Gleotrichia, Microchaete,Nodularia, Nostoc, Rexia, Richelia, Scytonema, Sprirestis, andToypothrix; Oscillatoriales cyanobacteria from the genera Arthrospira,Geitlerinema, Halomicronema, Halospirulina, Katagnymene, Leptolyngbya,Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Oscillatoria, Phormidium,Planktothricoides, Planktothrix, Plectonema, Pseudoanabaena/Limnothrix,Schizothrix, Spirulina, Symploca, Trichodesmium, Tychonema;Pleurocapsales cyanobacterium from the genera Chroococcidiopsis,Dermocarpa, Dermocarpella, Myxosarcina, Pleurocapsa, Stanieria,Xenococcus; Prochlorophytes cyanobacterium from the genera Prochloron,Prochlorococcus, Prochlorothrix; and Stigonematales cyanobacterium fromthe genera Capsosira, Chlorogeoepsis, Fischerella, Hapalosiphon,Mastigocladopsis, Nostochopsis, Stigonema, Symphyonema, Symphonemopsis,Umezakia, and Westiellopsis. In certain embodiments, the cyanobacteriumis from the genus Synechococcus, including, but not limited toSynechococcus bigranulatus, Synechococcus elongatus, Synechococcusleopoliensis, Synechococcus lividus, Synechococcus nidulans, andSynechococcus rubescens.

In certain embodiments, the cyanobacterium is Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120, Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803, Nostoc muscorum, Nostocellipsosporum, or Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120. In certain preferredembodiments, the cyanobacterium is Synechococcus elongatus sp. strainPCC 7942. Additional examples of Cyanobacteria that may utilized in themethods provided herein include, but are not limited to, Synechococcussp. strains WH7803, WH8102, WH8103 (typically genetically modified byconjugation), Baeocyte-forming Chroococcidiopsis spp. (typicallymodified by conjugation/electroporation), non-heterocyst-formingfilamentous strains Planktothrix sp., Plectonema boryanum M101(typically modified by electroporation), and Heterocyst-forming strainsAnabaena sp. strains ATCC 29413 (typically modified by conjugation),Tolypothrix sp. strain PCC 7601 (typically modified byconjugation/electroporation) and Nostoc punctiforme strain ATCC 29133(typically modified by conjugation/electroporation).

In particular embodiments, the genetically modified, photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., Cyanobacteria, of the present invention may be usedto produce triglycerides from just sunlight, water, air, and minimalnutrients, using routine culture techniques of any reasonably desiredscale. In particular embodiments, the present invention contemplatesusing spontaneous mutants of photosynthetic microorganisms thatdemonstrate a growth advantage under a defined growth condition. Amongother benefits, the ability to produce large amounts of triglyceridesfrom minimal energy and nutrient input makes the modified photosyntheticmicroorganism, e.g., Cyanobacteria, of the present invention a readilymanageable and efficient source of feedstock in the subsequentproduction of both biofuels, such as biodiesel, as well as specialtychemicals, such as glycerin.

Methods of Producing and Culturing Modified PhotosyntheticMicroorganisms

Photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, may be geneticallymodified according to techniques known in the art. As noted above, incertain aspects, genetic manipulation in Cyanobacteria can be performedby the introduction of non-replicating vectors that contain nativeCyanobacterial sequences, exogenous genes of interest and drugresistance genes. Upon introduction into the Cyanobacterial cell, thevectors may be integrated into the Cyanobacterial genome throughhomologous recombination. In this way, the exogenous gene of interestand the drug resistance gene are stably integrated into theCyanobacterial genome. Such recombinants cells can then be isolated fromnon-recombinant cells by drug selection. Cell transformation methods andselectable markers for Cyanobacteria are also well known in the art(see, e.g., Wirth, Mol Gen Genet 216:175-7, 1989; and Koksharova, ApplMicrobiol Biotechnol 58:123-37, 2002).

Cyanobacteria may be cultured or cultivated according to techniquesknown in the art, such as those described in Acreman et al. (Journal ofIndustrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 13:193-194, 1994), in additionto photobioreactor based techniques, such as those described in Nedbalet al. (Biotechnol Bioeng. 100:902-10, 2008). One example of typicallaboratory culture conditions for Cyanobacterium is growth in BG-11medium (ATCC Medium 616) at 30° C. in a vented culture flask withconstant agitation and constant illumination at 30-100 μmole photons m⁻²sec⁻¹.

A wide variety of mediums are available for culturing Cyanobacteria,including, for example, Aiba and Ogawa (AO) Medium, Allen and AmonMedium plus Nitrate (ATCC Medium 1142), Antia's (ANT) Medium, AquilMedium, Ashbey's Nitrogen-free Agar, ASN-III Medium, ASP 2 Medium, ASWMedium (Artificial Seawater and derivatives), ATCC Medium 617 (BG-11 forMarine Blue-Green Algae; Modified ATCC Medium 616 [BG-11 medium]), ATCCMedium 819 (Blue-green Nitrogen-fixing Medium; ATCC Medium 616 [BG-11medium] without NO₃), ATCC Medium 854 (ATCC Medium 616 [BG-11 medium]with Vitamin B₁₂), ATCC Medium 1047 (ATCC Medium 957 [MN marine medium]with Vitamin B₁₂), ATCC Medium 1077 (Nitrogen-fixing marine medium; ATCCMedium 957 [MN marine medium] without NO₃), ATCC Medium 1234 (BG-11Uracil medium; ATCC Medium 616 [BG-11 medium] with uracil), BeggiatoaMedium (ATCC Medium 138), Beggiatoa Medium 2 (ATCC Medium 1193), BG-11Medium for Blue Green Algae (ATCC Medium 616), Blue-Green (BG) Medium,Bold's Basal (BB) Medium, Castenholtz D Medium, Castenholtz D MediumModified (Halophilic cyanobacteria), Castenholtz DG Medium, CastenholtzDGN Medium, Castenholtz ND Medium, Chloroflexus Broth, ChloroflexusMedium (ATCC Medium 920), Chu's #10 Medium (ATCC Medium 341), Chu's #10Medium Modified, Chu's #11 Medium Modified, DCM Medium, DYIV Medium, E27Medium, E31 Medium and Derivatives, f/2 Medium, f/2 Medium Derivatives,Fraquil Medium (Freshwater Trace Metal-Buffered Medium), Gorham's Mediumfor Algae (ATCC Medium 625), h/2 Medium, Jaworski's (JM) Medium, KMedium, L1 Medium and Derivatives, MN Marine Medium (ATCC Medium 957),Plymouth Erdschreiber (PE) Medium, Prochlorococcus PC Medium, ProteosePeptone (PP) Medium, Prov Medium, Prov Medium Derivatives, S77 plusVitamins Medium, S88 plus Vitamins Medium, Saltwater Nutrient Agar (SNA)Medium and Derivatives, SES Medium, SN Medium, Modified SN Medium, SNAXMedium, Soil/Water Biphasic (S/W) Medium and Derivatives, SOT Medium forSpirulina: ATCC Medium 1679, Spirulina (SP) Medium, van Rijn and Cohen(RC) Medium, Walsby's Medium, Yopp Medium, and Z8 Medium, among others.

In certain embodiments, modified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g.,Cyanobacteria, are grown under conditions favorable for producingtriglycerides and/or fatty acids. In particular embodiments, lightintensity is between 100 and 2000 uE/m2/s, or between 200 and 1000uE/m2/s. In particular embodiments, the pH range of culture media isbetween 7.0 and 10.0. In certain embodiments, CO₂ is injected into theculture apparatus to a level in the range of 1% to 10%. In particularembodiments, the range of CO2 is between 2.5% and 5%. In certainembodiments, nutrient supplementation is performed during the linearphase of growth. Each of these conditions are desirable for triglycerideproduction.

Nucleic Acids and Polypeptides

In various embodiments, modified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g.,Cyanobacteria, of the present invention comprise one or more exogenousor introduced nucleic acids that encode a polypeptide having an activityassociated with triglyceride or fatty acid biosynthesis, including butnot limited to any of those described herein. In particular embodiments,the exogenous nucleic acid does not comprises a nucleic acid sequencethat is native to the microorganism's genome. In particular embodiments,the exogenous nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence that isnative to the microorganism's genome, but it has been introduced intothe microorganism, e.g., in a vector or by molecular biology techniques,for example, to increase expression of the nucleic acid and/or itsencoded polypeptide in the microorganism.

Triglyceride Biosynthesis

Triglycerides, or triacylglycerols (TAG), consist primarily of glycerolesterified with three fatty acids, and yield more energy upon oxidationthan either carbohydrates or proteins. Triglycerides provide animportant mechanism of energy storage for most eukaryotic organisms. Inmammals, TAGs are synthesized and stored in several cell types,including adipocytes and hepatocytes (Bell et al. Annu. Rev. Biochem.49:459-487, 1980) (herein incorporated by reference). In plants, TAGproduction is mainly important for the generation of seed oils.

In contrast to eukaryotes, the observation of triglyceride production inprokaryotes has been limited to certain actinomycetes, such as membersof the genera Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus and Streptomyces, inaddition to certain members of the genus Acinetobacter. In certainactinomycetes species, triglycerides may accumulate to nearly 80% of thedry cell weight, but accumulate to only about 15% of the dry cell weightin Acinetobacter. In general, triglycerides are stored in sphericallipid bodies, with quantities and diameters depending on the respectivespecies, growth stage, and cultivation conditions. For example, cells ofRhodococcus opacus and Streptomyces lividans contain only few TAGs whencultivated in complex media with a high content of carbon and nitrogen;however, the lipid content and the number of TAG bodies increasedrastically when the cells are cultivated in mineral salt medium with alow nitrogen-to-carbon ratio, yielding a maximum in the late stationarygrowth phase. At this stage, cells can be almost completely filled withlipid bodies exhibiting diameters ranging from 50 to 400 nm. One exampleis R. opacus PD630, in which lipids can reach more than 70% of the totalcellular dry weight.

In bacteria, TAG formation typically starts with the docking of adiacylglycerol acyltransferase enzyme to the plasma membrane, followedby formation of small lipid droplets (SLDs). These SLDs are only somenanometers in diameter and remain associated with the membrane-dockedenzyme. In this phase of lipid accumulation, SLDs typically form anemulsive, oleogenous layer at the plasma membrane. During prolongedlipid synthesis, SLDs leave the membrane-associated acyltransferase andconglomerate to membrane-bound lipid prebodies. These lipid prebodiesreach distinct sizes, e.g., about 200 nm in A. calcoaceticus and about300 nm in R. opacus, before they lose contact with the membrane and arereleased into the cytoplasm. Free and membrane-bound lipid prebodiescorrespond to the lipid domains occurring in the cytoplasm and at thecell wall, as observed in M. smegmatis during fluorescence microscopyand also confirmed in R. opacus PD630 and A. calcoaceticus ADP1 (see,e.g., Christensen et al., Mol. Microbiol. 31:1561-1572, 1999); andWalternann et al., Mol. Microbiol. 55:750-763, 2005). Inside the lipidprebodies, SLDs coalesce with each other to form the homogenous lipidcore found in mature lipid bodies, which often appear opaque in electronmicroscopy.

The compositions and structures of bacterial TAGs vary considerablydepending on the microorganism and on the carbon source. In addition,unusual acyl moieties, such as phenyldecanoic acid and 4,8,12 trimethyltridecanoic acid, may also contribute to the structural diversity ofbacterial TAGs. (see, e.g., Alvarez et al., Appl Microbiol Biotechnol.60:367-76, 2002).

As with eukaryotes, the main function of TAGs in prokaryotes is to serveas a storage compound for energy and carbon. TAGs, however, may provideother functions in prokaryotes. For example, lipid bodies may act as adeposit for toxic or useless fatty acids formed during growth onrecalcitrant carbon sources, which must be excluded from the plasmamembrane and phospholipid (PL) biosynthesis. Furthermore, manyTAG-accumulating bacteria are ubiquitous in soil, and in this habitat,water deficiency causing dehydration is a frequent environmental stress.Storage of evaporation-resistant lipids might be a strategy to maintaina basic water supply, since oxidation of the hydrocarbon chains of thelipids under conditions of dehydration would generate considerableamounts of water. Cyanobacteria such as Synechococcus, however, do notproduce triglycerides, because these organisms lack the enzymesnecessary for triglyceride biosynthesis.

Triglycerides are synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol. As onemechanism of triglyceride (TAG) synthesis, sequential acylation ofglycerol-3-phosphate via the “Kennedy Pathway” leads to the formation ofphosphatidate. Phosphatidate is then dephosphorylated by the enzymephosphatidate phosphatase to yield 1,2 diacylglycerol (DAG). Using DAGas a substrate, at least three different classes of enzymes are capableof mediating TAG formation. As one example, an enzyme havingdiacylglycerol transferase (DGAT) activity catalyzes the acylation ofDAG using acyl-CoA as a substrate. Essentially, DGAT enzymes combineacyl-CoA with 1,2 diacylglycerol molecule to form a TAG. As analternative, Acyl-CoA-independent TAG synthesis may be mediated by aphospholipid:DAG acyltransferase found in yeast and plants, which usesphospholipids as acyl donors for DAG esterification. Third, TAGsynthesis in animals and plants may be mediated by aDAG-DAG-transacylase, which uses DAG as both an acyl donor and acceptor,yielding TAG and monoacylglycerol.

Modified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, of thepresent invention may comprise one or more exogenous polynucleotidesencoding polypeptides comprising one or more of the polypeptides andenzymes described above. In particular embodiments, the one or moreexogenous polynucleotides encode a diacylglycerol transferase and/or aphosphatidate phosphatase, or a variant or function fragment thereof.

Since wild-type Cyanobacteria do not typically encode the enzymesnecessary for triglyceride synthesis, such as the enzymes havingphosphatidate phosphatase activity and diacylglycerol transferaseactivity, embodiments of the present invention include geneticallymodified Cyanobacteria that comprise polynucleotides encoding one ormore enzymes having a phosphatidate phosphatase activity and/or one ormore enzymes having a diacylglycerol transferase activity.

Moreover, since triglycerides are typically formed from fatty acids, thelevel of fatty acid biosynthesis in a cell may limit the production oftriglycerides. Increasing the level of fatty acid biosynthesis may,therefore, allow increased production of triglycerides. As discussedbelow, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the commitment step to fattyacid biosynthesis. Thus, certain embodiments of the present inventioninclude Cyanobacterium, and methods of use thereof, comprisingpolynucleotides that encode one or more enzymes having Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase activity to increase fatty acid biosynthesis and lipidproduction, in addition to one or more enzymes having phosphatidatephosphatase and/or diacylglycerol transferase activity to catalyzetriglyceride production.

As used herein, a “phosphatidate phosphatase” gene of the presentinvention includes any polynucleotide sequence encoding amino acids,such as protein, polypeptide or peptide, obtainable from any cellsource, which demonstrates the ability to catalyze the dephosphorylationof phosphatidate (PtdOH) under enzyme reactive conditions, yieldingdiacylglycerol (DAG) and inorganic phosphate, and further includes anynaturally-occurring or non-naturally occurring variants of aphosphatidate phosphatase sequence having such ability.

Phosphatidate phosphatases (PAP, 3-sn-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase)catalyze the dephosphorylation of phosphatidate (PtdOH), yieldingdiacylglycerol (DAG) and inorganic phosphate. This enzyme belongs to thefamily of hydrolases, specifically those acting on phosphoric monoesterbonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3-sn-phosphatidatephosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include phosphatic acidphosphatase, acid phosphatidyl phosphatase, and phosphatic acidphosphohydrolase. This enzyme participates in at least 4 metabolicpathways: glycerolipid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, etherlipid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism.

PAP enzymes have roles in both the synthesis of phospholipids andtriacylglycerol through its product diacylglycerol, as well as thegeneration or degradation of lipid-signaling molecules in eukaryoticcells. PAP enzymes are typically classified as either Mg²⁺-dependent(referred to as PAP1 enzymes) or Mg²⁺-independent (PAP2 or lipidphosphate phosphatase (LPP) enzymes) with respect to their cofactorrequirement for catalytic activity. In both yeast and mammalian systems,PAP2 enzymes are known to be involved in lipid signaling. By contrast,PAP1 enzymes, such as those found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, play arole in de novo lipid synthesis (Han, et al. J Biol Chem. 281:9210-9218,2006), thereby revealing that the two types of PAP are responsible fordifferent physiological functions.

In both yeast and higher eukaryotic cells, the PAP reaction is thecommitted step in the synthesis of the storage lipid triacylglycerol(TAG), which is formed from PtdOH through the intermediate DAG. Thereaction product DAG is also used in the synthesis of the membranephospholipids phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) and phosphatidylethanolamine.The substrate PtdOH is used for the synthesis of all membranephospholipids (and the derivative inositol-containing sphingolipids)through the intermediate CDP-DAG. Thus, regulation of PAP activity mightgovern whether cells make storage lipids and phospholipids through DAGor phospholipids through CDP-DAG. In addition, PAP is involved in thetranscriptional regulation of phospholipid synthesis.

PAP1 enzymes have been purified and characterized from the membrane andcytosolic fractions of yeast, including a gene (Pah1, formerly known asSmp2) been identified to encode a PAP1 enzyme in S. cerevisiae. ThePah1-encoded PAP1 enzyme is found in the cytosolic and membranefractions of the cell, and its association with the membrane isperipheral in nature. As expected from the multiple forms of PAP1 thathave been purified from yeast, pah1Δ mutants still contain PAP1activity, indicating the presence of an additional gene or genesencoding enzymes having PAP1 activity.

Analysis of mutants lacking the Pah1-encoded PAP1 has provided evidencethat this enzyme generates the DAG used for lipid synthesis. Cellscontaining the pah1Δ mutation accumulate PtdOH and have reduced amountsof DAG and its acylated derivative TAG. Phospholipid synthesispredominates over the synthesis of TAG in exponentially growing yeast,whereas TAG synthesis predominates over the synthesis of phospholipidsin the stationary phase of growth. The effects of the pah1Δ mutation onTAG content are most evident in the stationary phase. For example,stationary phase cells devoid of the Pah1 gene show a reduction of >90%in TAG content. Likewise, the pah1Δ mutation shows the most markedeffects on phospholipid composition (e.g. the consequent reduction inPtdCho content) in the exponential phase of growth. The importance ofthe Pah1-encoded PAP1 enzyme to cell physiology is further emphasizedbecause of its role in the transcriptional regulation of phospholipidsynthesis.

The requirement of Mg²⁺ ions as a cofactor for PAP enzymes is correlatedwith the catalytic motifs that govern the phosphatase reactions of theseenzymes. For example, the Pah1-encoded PAP1 enzyme has a DxDxT (SEQ IDNO:30) catalytic motif within a haloacid dehalogenase (HAD)-like domain(“x” is any amino acid). This motif is found in a superfamily ofMg²⁺-dependent phosphatase enzymes, and its first aspartate residue isresponsible for binding the phosphate moiety in the phosphatasereaction. By contrast, the DPP1- and LPP1-encoded PAP2 enzymes contain athree-domain lipid phosphatase motif that is localized to thehydrophilic surface of the membrane. This catalytic motif, whichcomprises the consensus sequences KxxxxxxRP (domain 1) (SEQ ID NO:10),PSGH (domain 2) (SEQ ID NO:11), and SRxxxxxHxxxD (domain 3) (SEQ IDNO:12), is shared by a superfamily of lipid phosphatases that do notrequire Mg²⁺ ions for activity. The conserved arginine residue in domain1 and the conserved histidine residues in domains 2 and 3 may beessential for the catalytic activity of PAP2 enzymes. Accordingly, aphosphatide phosphatase polypeptide may comprise one or more of theabove-described catalytic motifs.

A polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having a phosphatidatephosphatase enzymatic activity may be obtained from any organism havinga suitable, endogenous phosphatidate phosphatase gene. Examples oforganisms that may be used to obtain a phosphatidate phosphataseencoding polynucleotide sequence include, but are not limited to, Homosapiens, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus, Bos taurus, Drosophilamelanogaster, Arabidopsis thaliana, Magnaporthe grisea, Saccharomycescerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Cryptococcus neoformans, andBacillus pumilus, among others. As used herein, a “diacylglycerolacyltransferase” (DGAT) gene of the present invention includes anypolynucleotide sequence encoding amino acids, such as protein,polypeptide or peptide, obtainable from any cell source, whichdemonstrates the ability to catalyze the production of triacylglycerolfrom 1,2-diacylglycerol and fatty acyl substrates under enzyme reactiveconditions, in addition to any naturally-occurring (e.g., allelicvariants, orthologs) or non-naturally occurring variants of adiacylglycerol acyltransferase sequence having such ability. DGAT genesof the present invention also polynucleotide sequences that encodebi-functional proteins, such as those bi-functional proteins thatexhibit a DGAT activity as well as a CoA:fatty alcohol acyltransferaseactivity, i.e., a wax ester synthesis (WS) activity, as often found inmany TAG producing bacteria.

Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are members of theO-acyltransferase superfamily, which esterify either sterols ordiacylglycerols in an oleoyl-CoA-dependent manner. DGAT in particularesterifies diacylglycerols, which reaction represents the finalenzymatic step in the production of triacylglycerols in plants, fungiand mammals. Specifically, DGAT is responsible for transferring an acylgroup from acyl-coenzyme-A to the sn-3 position of 1,2-diacylglycerol(DAG) to form triacylglycerol (TAG). DGAT is an integral membraneprotein that has been generally described in Harwood (Biochem.Biophysics. Acta, 1301:7-56, 1996), Daum et al. (Yeast 16:1471-1510,1998), and Coleman et al. (Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20:77-103, 2000) (each ofwhich are herein incorporated by reference).

In plants and fungi, DGAT is associated with the membrane and lipid bodyfractions. In catalyzing TAGs, DGAT contributes mainly to the storage ofcarbon used as energy reserves. In animals, however, the role of DGAT ismore complex. DGAT not only plays a role in lipoprotein assembly and theregulation of plasma triacylglycerol concentration (Bell, R. M., etal.), but participates as well in the regulation of diacylglycerollevels (Brindley, Biochemistry of Lipids, Lipoproteins and Membranes,eds. Vance, D. E. & Vance, J. E. (Elsevier, Amsterdam), 171-203; andNishizuka, Science 258:607-614 (1992) (each of which are hereinincorporated by reference)).

In eukaryotes, at least three independent DGAT gene families (DGAT1,DGAT2, and PDAT) have been described that encode proteins with thecapacity to form TAG. Yeast contain all three of DGAT1, DGAT2, and PDAT,but the expression levels of these gene families varies during differentphases of the life cycle (Dahlqvst, A., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA 97:6487-6492 (2000) (herein incorporated by reference).

In prokaryotes, WS/DGAT from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ADP1 representsthe first identified member of a widespread class of bacterial wax esterand TAG biosynthesis enzymes. This enzyme comprises a putativemembrane-spanning region but shows no sequence homology to the DGAT1 andDGAT2 families from eukaryotes. Under in vitro conditions, WS/DGAT showsa broad capability of utilizing a large variety of fatty alcohols, andeven thiols as acceptors of the acyl moieties of various acyl-CoAthioesters. WS/DGAT acylatransferase enzymes exhibit extraordinarilybroad substrate specificity. Genes for homologous acyltransferases havebeen found in almost all bacteria capable of accumulating neutrallipids, including, for example, Acinetobacter baylii, A. baumanii, andM. avium, and M. tuberculosis CDC1551, in which about 15 functionalhomologues are present (see, e.g., Daniel et al., J. Bacteriol.186:5017-5030, 2004; and Kalscheuer et al., J. Biol. Chem.287:8075-8082, 2003).

DGAT proteins may utilize a variety of acyl substrates in a host cell,including fatty acyl-CoA and fatty acyl-ACP molecules. In addition, theacyl substrates acted upon by DGAT enzymes may have varying carbon chainlengths and degrees of saturation, although DGAT may demonstratepreferential activity towards certain molecules.

Like other members of the eukaryotic O-acyltransferase superfamily,eukaryotic DGAT polypeptides typically contain a FYxDWWN (SEQ ID NO:13)heptapeptide retention motif, as well as a histidine (ortyrosine)-serine-phenylalanine (H/YSF) tripeptide motif, as described inZhongmin et al. (Journal of Lipid Research, 42:1282-1291, 2001) (hereinincorporated by reference). The highly conserved FYxDWWN (SEQ ID NO:13)is believed to be involved in fatty Acyl-CoA binding.

DGAT enzymes utilized according to the present invention may be isolatedfrom any organism, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms.Eukaryotic organisms having a DGAT gene are well-known in the art, andinclude various animals (e.g., mammals, fruit flies, nematodes), plants,parasites, and fungi (e.g., yeast such as S. cerevisiae andSchizosaccharomyces pombe). Examples of prokaryotic organisms includecertain actinomycetes, a group of Gram-positive bacteria with high G+Cratio, such as those from the representative genera Actinomyces,Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Frankia, Micrococcus, Mocrimonospora,Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, Rhodococcus andStreptomyces. Particular examples of actinomycetes that have one or moregenes encoding a DGAT activity include, for example, Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, M. avium, M. smegmatis, Micromonospora echinospora,Rhodococcus opacus, R. ruber, and Streptomyces lividans. Additionalexamples of prokaryotic organisms that encode one or more enzymes havinga DGAT activity include members of the genera Acinetobacter, such as A.calcoaceticus, A. baumanii, and A. baylii. In certain embodiments, aDGAT enzyme is isolated from Acinetobacter baylii sp. ADP1, agram-negative triglyceride forming prokaryote, which contains awell-characterized DGAT (AtfA).

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis

Fatty acids are a group of negatively charged, linear hydrocarbon chainsof various length and various degrees of oxidation states. The negativecharge is located at a carboxyl end group and is typically deprotonatedat physiological pH values (pK ˜2-3). The length of the fatty acid‘tail’ determines its water solubility (or rather insolubility) andamphipathic characteristics. Fatty acids are components of phospholipidsand sphingolipids, which form part of biological membranes, as well astriglycerides, which are primarily used as energy storage moleculesinside cells

Fatty acids are formed from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA precursors.Malonyl-CoA is a carboxylated form of acetyl-CoA, and contains a3-carbon dicarboxylic acid, malonate, bound to Coenzyme A. Acetyl-CoAcarboxylase catalyzes the 2-step reaction by which acetyl-CoA iscarboxylated to form malonyl-CoA. In particular, malonate is formed fromacetyl-CoA by the addition of CO₂ using the biotin cofactor of theenzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase.

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) carries out the chain elongation steps offatty acid biosynthesis. FAS is a large multienzyme complex. In mammals,FAS contains two subunits, each containing multiple enzyme activities.In bacteria and plants, individual proteins, which associate into alarge complex, catalyze the individual steps of the synthesis scheme.For example, in bacteria and plants, the acyl carrier protein is asmaller, independent protein.

Fatty acid synthesis starts with acetyl-CoA, and the chain grows fromthe “tail end” so that carbon 1 and the alpha-carbon of the completefatty acid are added last. The first reaction is the transfer of anacetyl group to a pantothenate group of acyl carrier protein (ACP), aregion of the large mammalian fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein. In thisreaction, acetyl CoA is added to a cysteine —SH group of the condensingenzyme (CE) domain: acetyl CoA+CE-cys-SH→acetyl-cys-CE+CoASH.Mechanistically, this is a two step process, in which the group is firsttransferred to the ACP (acyl carrier peptide), and then to the cysteine—SH group of the condensing enzyme domain.

In the second reaction, malonyl CoA is added to the ACP sulfhydrylgroup: malonyl CoA+ACP-SH→malonyl ACP+CoASH. This -SH group is part of aphosphopantethenic acid prosthetic group of the ACP.

In the third reaction, the acetyl group is transferred to the malonylgroup with the release of carbon dioxide: malonylACP+acetyl-cys-CE→beta-ketobutyryl-ACP+CO₂.

In the fourth reaction, the keto group is reduced to a hydroxyl group bythe beta-ketoacyl reductase activity:beta-ketobutyryl-ACP+NADPH+H⁺->beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP+NAD⁺.

In the fifth reaction, the beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP is dehydrated to forma trans-monounsaturated fatty acyl group by the beta-hydroxyacyldehydratase activity: beta-hydroxybutyryl-ACP→2-butenoyl-ACP+H₂O.

In the sixth reaction, the double bond is reduced by NADPH, yielding asaturated fatty acyl group two carbons longer than the initial one (anacetyl group was converted to a butyryl group in this case):2-butenoyl-ACP+NADPH+H⁺->butyryl-ACP+NADP⁺. The butyryl group is thentransferred from the ACP sulfhydryl group to the CE sulfhydryl:butyryl-ACP+CE-cys-SH→ACP-SH+butyryl-cys-CE. This step is catalyzed bythe same transferase activity utilized previously for the originalacetyl group. The butyryl group is now ready to condense with a newmalonyl group (third reaction above) to repeat the process. When thefatty acyl group becomes 16 carbons long, a thioesterase activityhydrolyses it, forming free palmitate:palmitoyl-ACP+H₂O→palmitate+ACP-SH. Fatty acid molecules can undergofurther modification, such as elongation and/or desaturation.

Modified photosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, maycomprise one or more exogenous polynucleotides encoding any of the abovepolypeptides or enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. In particularembodiments, the enzyme is an acetyl-CoA carboxylase or a variant orfunctional fragment thereof.

As used herein, an “acetyl CoA carboxylase” gene of the presentinvention includes any polynucleotide sequence encoding amino acids,such as protein, polypeptide or peptide, obtainable from any cellsource, which demonstrates the ability to catalyze the carboxylation ofacetyl-CoA to produce malonyl-CoA under enzyme reactive conditions, andfurther includes any naturally-occurring or non-naturally occurringvariants of an acetyl CoA carboxylase sequence having such ability.

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is a biotin-dependent enzyme thatcatalyses the irreversible carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to producemalonyl-CoA through its two catalytic activities, biotin carboxylase(BC) and carboxyltransferase (CT). The biotin carboxylase (BC) domaincatalyzes the first step of the reaction: the carboxylation of thebiotin prosthetic group that is covalently linked to the biotin carboxylcarrier protein (BCCP) domain. In the second step of the reaction, thecarboxyltransferase (CT) domain catalyzes the transfer of the carboxylgroup from (carboxy) biotin to acetyl-CoA. Formation of malonyl-CoA byAcetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) represents the commitment step for fattyacid synthesis, because malonyl-CoA has no metabolic role other thanserving as a precursor to fatty acids. Because of this reason,acetyl-CoA Carboxylase represents a pivotal enzyme in the synthesis offatty acids.

In most prokaryotes, ACCase is a multi-subunit enzyme, whereas in mosteukaryotes it is a large, multi-domain enzyme. In yeast, the crystalstructure of the CT domain of yeast ACCase has been determined at 2.7Aresolution (Zhang et al., Science, 299:2064-2067 (2003). This structurecontains two domains, which share the same backbone fold. This foldbelongs to the crotonase/ClpP family of proteins, with a b-b-asuperhelix. The CT domain contains many insertions on its surface, whichare important for the dimerization of ACCase. The active site of theenzyme is located at the dimer interface.

Although Cyanobacteria, such as Synechococcus, express a native ACCaseenzyme, these bacteria typically do not produce or accumulatesignificant amounts of fatty acids. For example, Synechococcus in thewild accumulates fatty acids in the form of lipid membranes to a totalof about 4% by dry weight.

Given the role of ACCase in the commitment step of fatty acidbiosynthesis, embodiments of the present invention include methods ofincreasing the production of fatty acid biosynthesis, and, thus, lipidproduction, in Cyanobacteria by introducing one or more polynucleotidesthat encode an ACC enzyme that is exogenous to the Cyanobacterium'snative genome. Embodiments of the present invention also include amodified Cyanobacterium, and compositions comprising saidCyanobacterium, comprising one or more polynucleotides that encode anACCase enzyme that is exogenous to the Cyanobacterium's native genome.

A polynucleotide encoding an ACCase enzyme may be isolated or obtainedfrom any organism, such as any prokaryotic or eukaryotic organism thatcontains an endogenous ACCase gene. Examples of eukaryotic organismshaving an ACCase gene are well-known in the art, and include variousanimals (e.g., mammals, fruit flies, nematodes), plants, parasites, andfungi (e.g., yeast such as S. cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe).In certain embodiments, the ACCase encoding polynucleotide sequence isobtained from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Examples of prokaryotic organisms that may be utilized to obtain apolynucleotide encoding an enzyme having ACCase activity include, butare not limited to, Escherichia coli, Legionella pneumophila, Listeriamonocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Ruminococcusobeum ATCC 29174, marine gamma proteobacterium HTCC2080, Roseovarius sp.HTCC2601, Oceanicola granulosus HTCC2516, Bacteroides caccae ATCC 43185,Vibrio alginolyticus 12G01, Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2, Marinobactersp. ELB17, marine gamma proteobacterium HTCC2143, Roseobacter sp.SK209-2-6, Oceanicola batsensis HTCC2597, Rhizobium leguminosarum bv.trifolii WSM1325, Nitrobacter sp. Nb-311A, Chloroflexus aggregans DSM9485, Chlorobaculum parvum, Chloroherpeton thalassium, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Geobacillus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, among others.

Polynucleotides and Vectors

The present invention includes modified photosynthetic microorganismscomprising one or more exogenous polynucleotides encoding a polypeptideassociated with triglyceride or fatty acid biosynthesis, or a variant ora functional fragment thereof. Accordingly, the present inventionutilizes isolated polynucleotides that encode the various triglycerideand lipid biosynthesis enzymes utilized herein, such as diacylglycerolacyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase,in addition to nucleotide sequences that encode any functionalnaturally-occurring variants or fragments (i.e., allelic variants,orthologs, splice variants) or non-naturally occurring variants orfragments of these native enzymes (i.e., optimized by engineering), aswell as compositions comprising such polynucleotides, including, e.g.,cloning and expression vectors.

As used herein, the terms “DNA” and “polynucleotide” and “nucleic acid”refer to a DNA molecule that has been isolated free of total genomic DNAof a particular species. Therefore, a DNA segment encoding a polypeptiderefers to a DNA segment that contains one or more coding sequences yetis substantially isolated away from, or purified free from, totalgenomic DNA of the species from which the DNA segment is obtained.Included within the terms “DNA segment” and “polynucleotide” are DNAsegments and smaller fragments of such segments, and also recombinantvectors, including, for example, plasmids, cosmids, phagemids, phage,viruses, and the like.

As will be understood by those skilled in the art, the polynucleotidesequences of this invention can include genomic sequences, extra-genomicand plasmid-encoded sequences and smaller engineered gene segments thatexpress, or may be adapted to express, proteins, polypeptides, peptidesand the like. Such segments may be naturally isolated, or modifiedsynthetically by the hand of man.

As will be recognized by the skilled artisan, polynucleotides may besingle-stranded (coding or antisense) or double-stranded, and may be DNA(genomic, cDNA or synthetic) or RNA molecules. Additional coding ornon-coding sequences may, but need not, be present within apolynucleotide of the present invention, and a polynucleotide may, butneed not, be linked to other molecules and/or support materials.

Polynucleotides may comprise a native sequence (i.e., an endogenoussequence that encodes a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, a phosphatidatephosphatase, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase, or a portion thereof) or maycomprise a variant, or a biological functional equivalent of such asequence. Polynucleotide variants may contain one or more substitutions,additions, deletions and/or insertions, as further described below,preferably such that the enzymatic activity of the encoded polypeptideis not substantially diminished relative to the unmodified polypeptide.The effect on the enzymatic activity of the encoded polypeptide maygenerally be assessed as described herein.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a polynucleotideencodes a DGAT comprising of consisting of a polypeptide sequence setforth in any one of SEQ ID NOs:1, 14, 15, or 18, or a fragment orvariant thereof. SEQ ID NO:1 is the sequence of DGATn; SEQ ID NO: 14 isthe sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT (ScoDGAT or SDGAT); SEQ IDNO:15 is the sequence of Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT (AboDGAT); and SEQID NO:18 is the sequence of DGATd. In certain embodiments of the presentinvention, a DGAT polynucleotide comprises or consists of apolynucleotide sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs:4, 7, 16, 17,or 19, or a fragment or variant thereof. SEQ ID NO:4 is acodon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence that encodesDGATn; SEQ ID NO: 7 has homology to SEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:16 is acodon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence that encodesScoDGAT; SEQ ID NO:17 is a codon-optimized for expression inCyanobacteria sequence that encodes AboDGAT; and SEQ ID NO:19 is acodon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence that encodesDGATd. DGATn and DGATd correspond to Acinetobacter baylii DGAT and amodified form thereof, which includes two additional amino acid residuesimmediately following the initiator methionine.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a polynucleotideencodes a phosphatidate phosphatase comprising or consisting of apolypeptide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or a fragment or variantthereof. In particular embodiments, a phosphatidate phosphatasepolynucleotide comprises or consists of a polynucleotide sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:8, or a fragment or variant thereof.SEQ ID NO:2 is the sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidatephosphatase (yPah1), and SEQ ID NO:5 is a codon-optimized for expressionin Cyanobacteria sequence that encodes yPAH1.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a polynucleotideencodes an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) comprising or consisting of apolypeptide sequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:3, 20, 21, 22, 23,or 28, or a fragment or variant thereof. In particular embodiments, aACCase polynucleotide comprises or consists of a polynucleotide sequenceset forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:6, 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 29, or afragment or variant thereof. SEQ ID NO:3 is the sequence ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae acetyl-CoA carboxylase (yAcc1); and SEQ ID NO:6is a codon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence thatencodes yACC1. SEQ ID NO:20 is Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccA; SEQ IDNO:21 is Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccB; SEQ ID NO:22 is Synechococcussp. PCC 7002 AccC; and SEQ ID NO:23 is Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccD.SEQ ID NO:24 encodes Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccA; SEQ ID NO:25encodes Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccB; SEQ ID NO:26 encodesSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccC; and SEQ ID NO:27 encodes Synechococcussp. PCC 7002 AccD. SEQ ID NO:28 is a Triticum aestivum ACCase; and SEQID NO:29 encodes this Triticum aestivum ACCase.

In certain embodiments, the present invention provides isolatedpolynucleotides comprising various lengths of contiguous stretches ofsequence identical to or complementary to a diacylglycerolacyltransferase, a phosphatidate phosphatase, or an acetyl-CoAcarboxylase, wherein the isolated polynucleotides encode a biologicallyactive, truncated enzyme.

Exemplary nucleotide sequences that encode the enzymes of theapplication encompass full-length diacylglycerol acyltransferases,phosphatidate phosphatases, and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylases, as well asportions of the full-length or substantially full-length nucleotidesequences of these genes or their transcripts or DNA copies of thesetranscripts. Portions of a nucleotide sequence may encode polypeptideportions or segments that retain the biological activity of thereference polypeptide. A portion of a nucleotide sequence that encodes abiologically active fragment of an enzyme provided herein may encode atleast about 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100,120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, or more contiguous amino acidresidues, almost up to the total number of amino acids present in afull-length enzyme. It will be readily understood that “intermediatelengths,” in this context and in all other contexts used herein, meansany length between the quoted values, such as 101, 102, 103, etc.; 151,152, 153, etc.; 201, 202, 203, etc.

The polynucleotides of the present invention, regardless of the lengthof the coding sequence itself, may be combined with other DNA sequences,such as promoters, polyadenylation signals, additional restrictionenzyme sites, multiple cloning sites, other coding segments, and thelike, such that their overall length may vary considerably. It istherefore contemplated that a polynucleotide fragment of almost anylength may be employed, with the total length preferably being limitedby the ease of preparation and use in the intended recombinant DNAprotocol.

The invention also contemplates variants of the nucleotide sequences ofthe diacylglycerol acyltransferases, phosphatidate phosphatases, andacetyl-CoA carboxylases utilized according to methods and compositionsprovided herein. Nucleic acid variants can be naturally-occurring, suchas allelic variants (same locus), homologs (different locus), andorthologs (different organism) or can be non naturally-occurring.Naturally occurring variants such as these can be identified andisolated using well-known molecular biology techniques including, forexample, various polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization-basedtechniques as known in the art. Naturally occurring variants can beisolated from any organism that encodes one or more genes having adiacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, a phosphatidate phosphataseactivity, and/or a acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Embodiments of thepresent invention, therefore, encompass cyanobacteria comprising suchnaturally occurring polynucleotide variants.

Non-naturally occurring variants can be made by mutagenesis techniques,including those applied to polynucleotides, cells, or organisms. Thevariants can contain nucleotide substitutions, deletions, inversions andinsertions. Variation can occur in either or both the coding andnon-coding regions. In certain aspects, non-naturally occurring variantsmay have been optimized for use in Cyanobacteria, such as by engineeringand screening the enzymes for increased activity, stability, or anyother desirable feature. The variations can produce both conservativeand non-conservative amino acid substitutions (as compared to theoriginally encoded product). For nucleotide sequences, conservativevariants include those sequences that, because of the degeneracy of thegenetic code, encode the amino acid sequence of a reference polypeptide.Variant nucleotide sequences also include synthetically derivednucleotide sequences, such as those generated, for example, by usingsite-directed mutagenesis but which still encode a biologically activepolypeptide, such as a polypeptide having either a diacylglycerolacyltransferase activity, a phosphatidate phosphatase activity, or aacetyl-CoA carboxylase activity. Generally, variants of a particularreference nucleotide sequence will have at least about 30%, 40% 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, generally at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, desirablyabout 90% to 95% or more, and more suitably about 98% or more sequenceidentity to that particular nucleotide sequence as determined bysequence alignment programs described elsewhere herein using defaultparameters.

Known diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, and/oracetyl-CoA carboxylase nucleotide sequences can be used to isolatecorresponding sequences and alleles from other organisms, particularlyother microorganisms. Methods are readily available in the art for thehybridization of nucleic acid sequences. Coding sequences from otherorganisms may be isolated according to well known techniques based ontheir sequence identity with the coding sequences set forth herein. Inthese techniques all or part of the known coding sequence is used as aprobe which selectively hybridizes to other reference coding sequencespresent in a population of cloned genomic DNA fragments or cDNAfragments (i.e., genomic or cDNA libraries) from a chosen organism.

Accordingly, the present invention also contemplates polynucleotidesthat hybridize to reference diacylglycerol acyltransferase,phosphatidate phosphatase, or a acetyl-CoA carboxylase nucleotidesequences, or to their complements, under stringency conditionsdescribed below. As used herein, the term “hybridizes under lowstringency, medium stringency, high stringency, or very high stringencyconditions” describes conditions for hybridization and washing. Guidancefor performing hybridization reactions can be found in Ausubel et al.,(1998, supra), Sections 6.3.1-6.3.6. Aqueous and non-aqueous methods aredescribed in that reference and either can be used.

Reference herein to “low stringency” conditions include and encompassfrom at least about 1% v/v to at least about 15% v/v formamide and fromat least about 1 M to at least about 2 M salt for hybridization at 42°C., and at least about 1 M to at least about 2 M salt for washing at 42°C. Low stringency conditions also may include 1% Bovine Serum Albumin(BSA), 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2), 7% SDS for hybridization at 65°C., and (i) 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or (ii) 0.5% BSA, 1 mM EDTA, 40 mM NaHPO₄(pH 7.2), 5% SDS for washing at room temperature. One embodiment of lowstringency conditions includes hybridization in 6× sodiumchloride/sodium citrate (SSC) at about 45° C., followed by two washes in0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at least at 50° C. (the temperature of the washes canbe increased to 55° C. for low stringency conditions).

“Medium stringency” conditions include and encompass from at least about16% v/v to at least about 30% v/v formamide and from at least about 0.5M to at least about 0.9 M salt for hybridization at 42° C., and at leastabout 0.1 M to at least about 0.2 M salt for washing at 55° C. Mediumstringency conditions also may include 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), 1mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2), 7% SDS for hybridization at 65° C., and(i) 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or (ii) 0.5% BSA, 1 mM EDTA, 40 mM NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2),5% SDS for washing at 60-65° C. One embodiment of medium stringencyconditions includes hybridizing in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed byone or more washes in 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60° C.

“High stringency” conditions include and encompass from at least about31% v/v to at least about 50% v/v formamide and from about 0.01 M toabout 0.15 M salt for hybridization at 42° C., and about 0.01 M to about0.02 M salt for washing at 55° C. High stringency conditions also mayinclude 1% BSA, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 M NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2), 7% SDS forhybridization at 65° C., and (i) 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS; or (ii) 0.5% BSA, 1mM EDTA, 40 mM NaHPO₄ (pH 7.2), 1% SDS for washing at a temperature inexcess of 65° C. One embodiment of high stringency conditions includeshybridizing in 6×SSC at about 45° C., followed by one or more washes in0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

In certain embodiments, a diacylglycerol acyltransferase enzyme, aphosphatidate phosphatase enzyme, or a acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme isencoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to a disclosed nucleotidesequence under very high stringency conditions. One embodiment of veryhigh stringency conditions includes hybridizing in 0.5 M sodiumphosphate, 7% SDS at 65° C., followed by one or more washes in 0.2×SSC,1% SDS at 65° C.

Other stringency conditions are well known in the art and a skilledaddressee will recognize that various factors can be manipulated tooptimize the specificity of the hybridization. Optimization of thestringency of the final washes can serve to ensure a high degree ofhybridization. For detailed examples, see Ausubel et al., supra at pages2.10.1 to 2.10.16 and Sambrook et al. (1989, supra) at sections 1.101 to1.104.

While stringent washes are typically carried out at temperatures fromabout 42° C. to 68° C., one skilled in the art will appreciate thatother temperatures may be suitable for stringent conditions. Maximumhybridization rate typically occurs at about 20° C. to 25° C. below theT_(m) for formation of a DNA-DNA hybrid. It is well known in the artthat the T_(m) is the melting temperature, or temperature at which twocomplementary polynucleotide sequences dissociate. Methods forestimating T_(m) are well known in the art (see Ausubel et al., supra atpage 2.10.8).

In general, the T_(m) of a perfectly matched duplex of DNA may bepredicted as an approximation by the formula: T_(m)=81.5+16.6 (log₁₀M)+0.41 (% G+C)−0.63 (% formamide)−(600/length) wherein: M is theconcentration of Na⁺, preferably in the range of 0.01 molar to 0.4molar; % G+C is the sum of guano sine and cytosine bases as a percentageof the total number of bases, within the range between 30% and 75% G+C;% formamide is the percent formamide concentration by volume; length isthe number of base pairs in the DNA duplex. The T_(m) of a duplex DNAdecreases by approximately 1° C. with every increase of 1% in the numberof randomly mismatched base pairs. Washing is generally carried out atT_(m)−15° C. for high stringency, or T_(m)−30° C. for moderatestringency.

In one example of a hybridization procedure, a membrane (e.g., anitrocellulose membrane or a nylon membrane) containing immobilized DNAis hybridized overnight at 42° C. in a hybridization buffer (50%deionizer formamide, 5×SSC, 5× Reinhardt's solution (0.1% fecal, 0.1%polyvinylpyrollidone and 0.1% bovine serum albumin), 0.1% SDS and 200mg/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA) containing a labeled probe. Themembrane is then subjected to two sequential medium stringency washes(i.e., 2×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 15 min at 45° C., followed by 2×SSC, 0.1% SDSfor 15 min at 50° C.), followed by two sequential higher stringencywashes (i.e., 0.2×SSC, 0.1% SDS for 12 min at 55° C. followed by 0.2×SSCand 0.1% SDS solution for 12 min at 65-68° C.

Polynucleotides and fusions thereof may be prepared, manipulated and/orexpressed using any of a variety of well established techniques knownand available in the art. For example, polynucleotide sequences whichencode polypeptides of the invention, or fusion proteins or functionalequivalents thereof, may be used in recombinant DNA molecules to directexpression of an triglyceride or lipid biosynthesis enzyme inappropriate host cells. Due to the inherent degeneracy of the geneticcode, other DNA sequences that encode substantially the same or afunctionally equivalent amino acid sequence may be produced and thesesequences may be used to clone and express a given polypeptide.

As will be understood by those of skill in the art, it may beadvantageous in some instances to produce polypeptide-encodingnucleotide sequences possessing non-naturally occurring codons. Forexample, codons preferred by a particular prokaryotic or eukaryotic hostcan be selected to increase the rate of protein expression or to producea recombinant RNA transcript having desirable properties, such as ahalf-life which is longer than that of a transcript generated from thenaturally occurring sequence. Such nucleotides are typically referred toas “codon-optimized.”

Moreover, the polynucleotide sequences of the present invention can beengineered using methods generally known in the art in order to alterpolypeptide encoding sequences for a variety of reasons, including butnot limited to, alterations which modify the cloning, processing,expression and/or activity of the gene product.

In order to express a desired polypeptide, a nucleotide sequenceencoding the polypeptide, or a functional equivalent, may be insertedinto appropriate expression vector, i.e., a vector that contains thenecessary elements for the transcription and translation of the insertedcoding sequence. Methods which are well known to those skilled in theart may be used to construct expression vectors containing sequencesencoding a polypeptide of interest and appropriate transcriptional andtranslational control elements. These methods include in vitrorecombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, and in vivo geneticrecombination. Such techniques are described in Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (1989), and Ausubel et al.,Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1989).

A variety of expression vector/host systems are known and may beutilized to contain and express polynucleotide sequences. Thepolynucleotides of the present invention will typically be introducedand expressed in cyanobacterial systems. As such, the present inventioncontemplates the use of vector and plasmid systems having regulatorysequences (e.g., promoters and enhancers) that are suitable for use invarious cyanobacteria (see, e.g., Koksharova et al. Applied MicrobiolBiotechnol 58:123-37, 2002). For example, the promiscuous RSF1010plasmid provides autonomous replication in several cyanobacteria of thegenera Synechocystis and Synechococcus (see, e.g., Mermet-Bouvier etal., Curr Microbiol 26:323-327, 1993). As another example, the pFC1expression vector is based on the promiscuous plasmid RSF1010. pFC1harbors the lambda c1857 repressor-encoding gene and pR promoter,followed by the lambda cro ribosome-binding site and ATG translationinitiation codon (see, e.g., Mermet-Bouvier et al., Curr Microbiol28:145-148, 1994). The latter is located within the unique NdeIrestriction site (CATATG) of pFC1 and can be exposed after cleavage withthis enzyme for in-frame fusion with the protein-coding sequence to beexpressed.

The “control elements” or “regulatory sequences” present in anexpression vector are those non-translated regions of thevector—enhancers, promoters, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions—whichinteract with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription andtranslation. Such elements may vary in their strength and specificity.Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitabletranscription and translation elements, including constitutive andinducible promoters, may be used. Generally, it is well-known thatstrong E. coli promoters work well in Cyanobacteria. Also, when cloningin cyanobacterial systems, inducible promoters such as the hybrid lacZpromoter of the PBLUESCRIPT phagemid (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) orPSPORT1 plasmid (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, Md.) and the like may be used.Other vectors containing IPTG inducible promoters, such as pAM1579 andpAM2991trc, may be utilized according to the present invention.

Certain embodiments may employ a temperature inducible system. As oneexample, an operon with the bacterial phage left-ward promoter (PO and atemperature sensitive repressor gene CI857 may be employed to produce atemperature inducible system for producing fatty acids and/ortriglycerides in Cyanobacteria (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,639,herein incorporated by reference). It is believed that at anon-permissible temperature (low temperature, 30 degrees Celsius), therepressor binds to the operator sequence, and thus prevents RNApolymerase from initiating transcription at the P_(L) promoter.Therefore, the expression of encoded gene or genes is repressed. Whenthe cell culture is transferred to a permissible temperature (37-42degrees Celsius), the repressor can not bind to the operator. Underthese conditions, RNA polymerase can initiate the transcription of theencoded gene or genes.

In cyanobacterial systems, a number of expression vectors may beselected depending upon the use intended for the expressed polypeptide.When large quantities are needed, vectors which direct high levelexpression of encoded proteins may be used. For example, overexpressionof ACCase enzymes may be utilized to increase fatty acid biosynthesis.Such vectors include, but are not limited to, the multifunctional E.coli cloning and expression vectors such as BLUESCRIPT (Stratagene), inwhich the sequence encoding the polypeptide of interest may be ligatedinto the vector in frame with sequences for the amino-terminal Met andthe subsequent 7 residues of β-galactosidase so that a hybrid protein isproduced; pIN vectors (Van Heeke & Schuster, J. Biol. Chem. 264:55035509 (1989)); and the like. pGEX Vectors (Promega, Madison, Wis.) mayalso be used to express foreign polypeptides as fusion proteins withglutathione S-transferase (GST).

Certain embodiments may employ Cyanobacterial promoters or regulatoryoperons. In certain embodiments, a promoter may comprise an rbcLS operonof Synechococcus, as described, for example, in Ronen-Tarazi et al.(Plant Physiology 18:1461-1469, 1995), or a cpc operon of Synechocystissp. strain PCC 6714, as described, for example, in Imashimizu et al. (JBacteriol. 185:6477-80, 2003). In certain embodiments, the tRNApro genefrom Synechococcus may also be utilized as a promoter, as described inChungjatupornchai et al. (Curr Microbiol. 38:210-216, 1999). Certainembodiments may employ the nirA promoter from Synechococcus sp. strainPCC 7942, which is repressed by ammonium and induced by nitrite (see,e.g., Maeda et al., J. Bacteriol. 180:4080-4088, 1998; and Qi et al.,Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71:5678-5684, 2005). Theefficiency of expression may be enhanced by the inclusion of enhancerswhich are appropriate for the particular cyanobacterial cell systemwhich is used, such as those described in the literature.

Specific initiation signals may also be used to achieve more efficienttranslation of sequences encoding a polypeptide of interest. Suchsignals include the ATG initiation codon and adjacent sequences. Incases where sequences encoding the polypeptide, its initiation codon,and upstream sequences are inserted into the appropriate expressionvector, no additional transcriptional or translational control signalsmay be needed. However, in cases where only coding sequence, or aportion thereof, is inserted, exogenous translational control signalsincluding the ATG initiation codon should be provided. Furthermore, theinitiation codon should be in the correct reading frame to ensuretranslation of the entire insert. Exogenous translational elements andinitiation codons may be of various origins, both natural and synthetic.

A variety of protocols for detecting and measuring the expression ofpolynucleotide-encoded products, using either polyclonal or monoclonalantibodies specific for the product are known in the art. Examplesinclude enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay(RIA), and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). These and otherassays are described, among other places, in Hampton et al., SerologicalMethods, a Laboratory Manual (1990) and Maddox et al., J. Exp. Med.158:1211-1216 (1983). The presence of a desired polynucleotide, such asa diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, and/or anacetyl-CoA carboxylase encoding polypeptide, may also be confirmed byPCR.

A wide variety of labels and conjugation techniques are known by thoseskilled in the art and may be used in various nucleic acid and aminoacid assays. Means for producing labeled hybridization or PCR probes fordetecting sequences related to polynucleotides include oligolabeling,nick translation, end-labeling or PCR amplification using a labelednucleotide. Alternatively, the sequences, or any portions thereof may becloned into a vector for the production of an mRNA probe. Such vectorsare known in the art, are commercially available, and may be used tosynthesize RNA probes in vitro by addition of an appropriate RNApolymerase such as T7, T3, or SP6 and labeled nucleotides. Theseprocedures may be conducted using a variety of commercially availablekits. Suitable reporter molecules or labels, which may be used includeradionuclides, enzymes, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or chromogenicagents as well as substrates, cofactors, inhibitors, magnetic particles,and the like.

Cyanobacterial host cells transformed with a polynucleotide sequence ofinterest may be cultured under conditions suitable for the expressionand recovery of the protein from cell culture. The protein produced by arecombinant cell may be secreted or contained intracellularly dependingon the sequence and/or the vector used. As will be understood by thoseof skill in the art, expression vectors containing polynucleotides ofthe invention may be designed to contain signal sequences which directlocalization of the encoded polypeptide to a desired site within thecell. Other recombinant constructions may be used to join sequencesencoding a polypeptide of interest to nucleotide sequence encoding apolypeptide domain which will direct secretion of the encoded protein.

Polypeptides

Embodiments of the present invention contemplate the use of modifiedphotosynthetic microorganisms, e.g., Cyanobacteria, comprisingpolypeptides having a diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, aphosphatidate phosphatase activity, and/or an acetyl-CoA carboxylaseactivity, including truncated, variant and/or modified polypeptidesthereof, for increasing lipid production and/or producing triglyceridessaid Cyanobacteria.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a DGAT polypeptidecomprises or consists of a polypeptide sequence set forth in any one ofSEQ ID NOs:1, 14, 15, or 18, or a fragment or variant thereof. SEQ IDNO:1 is the sequence of DGATn; SEQ ID NO: 14 is the sequence ofStreptomyces coelicolor DGAT (ScoDGAT or SDGAT); SEQ ID NO:15 is thesequence of Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT (AboDGAT); and SEQ ID NO:18 isthe sequence of DGATd. In certain embodiments of the present invention,a DGAT polypeptide is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth inany one of SEQ ID NOs:4, 7, 16, 17, or 19, or a fragment or variantthereof. SEQ ID NO:4 is a codon-optimized for expression inCyanobacteria sequence that encodes DGATn; SEQ ID NO: 7 has homology toSEQ ID NO:4; SEQ ID NO:16 is a codon-optimized for expression inCyanobacteria sequence that encodes ScoDGAT; SEQ ID NO:17 is acodon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence that encodesAboDGAT; and SEQ ID NO:19 is a codon-optimized for expression inCyanobacteria sequence that encodes DGATd.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, a phosphatidatephosphatase polypeptide comprises or consists of a polypeptide sequenceset forth in SEQ ID NO:2, or a fragment or variant thereof. Inparticular embodiments, a phosphatidate phosphatase is encoded by apolynucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:8, or afragment or variant thereof. SEQ ID NO:2 is the sequence ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae phosphatidate phosphatase (yPah1), and SEQ IDNO:5 is a codon-optimized for expression in Cyanobacteria sequence thatencodes yPAH1.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, an acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (ACCase) polypeptide comprises or consists of a polypeptidesequence set forth in any of SEQ ID NOs:3, 20, 21, 22, 23, or 28, or afragment or variant thereof. In particular embodiments, an ACCasepolypeptide is encoded by a polynucleotide sequence set forth in any ofSEQ ID NOs:6, 9, 24, 25, 26, 27, or 29, or a fragment or variantthereof. SEQ ID NO:3 is the sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeacetyl-CoA carboxylase (yAcc1); and SEQ ID NO:6 is a codon-optimized forexpression in Cyanobacteria sequence that encodes yAcc1. SEQ ID NO:20 isSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccA; SEQ ID NO:21 is Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 AccB; SEQ ID NO:22 is Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccC; and SEQ IDNO:23 is Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccD. SEQ ID NO:24 encodesSynechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccA; SEQ ID NO:25 encodes Synechococcus sp.PCC 7002 AccB; SEQ ID NO:26 encodes Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccC; andSEQ ID NO:27 encodes Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 AccD. SEQ ID NO:28 is aT. aestivum ACCase; and SEQ ID NO:29 encodes this Triticum aestivumACCase.

Variant proteins encompassed by the present application are biologicallyactive, that is, they continue to possess the enzymatic activity of areference polypeptide. Such variants may result from, for example,genetic polymorphism or from human manipulation. Biologically activevariants of a reference diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidatephosphatase, and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide fragment willhave at least 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, generally at least 75%, 80%, 85%,usually about 90% to 95% or more, and typically about 98% or moresequence similarity or identity with the amino acid sequence for areference protein as determined by sequence alignment programs describedelsewhere herein using default parameters. A biologically active variantof a reference polypeptide may differ from that protein generally by asmuch 200, 100, 50 or 20 amino acid residues or suitably by as few as1-15 amino acid residues, as few as 1-10, such as 6-10, as few as 5, asfew as 4, 3, 2, or even 1 amino acid residue. In some embodiments, avariant polypeptide differs from the reference sequences in SEQ ID NOS:1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 by at least one but by less than 15, 10 or5 amino acid residues. In other embodiments, it differs from thereference sequences by at least one residue but less than 20%, 15%, 10%or 5% of the residues.

A diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, oracetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide may be altered in various waysincluding amino acid substitutions, deletions, truncations, andinsertions. Methods for such manipulations are generally known in theart. For example, amino acid sequence variants of a referencepolypeptide can be prepared by mutations in the DNA. Methods formutagenesis and nucleotide sequence alterations are well known in theart. See, for example, Kunkel (1985, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:488-492), Kunkel et al., (1987, Methods in Enzymol, 154: 367-382), U.S.Pat. No. 4,873,192, Watson, J. D. et al., (“Molecular Biology of theGene”, Fourth Edition, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, Calif., 1987) andthe references cited therein. Guidance as to appropriate amino acidsubstitutions that do not affect biological activity of the protein ofinterest may be found in the model of Dayhoff et al., (1978) Atlas ofProtein Sequence and Structure (Natl. Biomed. Res. Found., Washington,D.C.).

Methods for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made bypoint mutations or truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for geneproducts having a selected property are known in the art. Such methodsare adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated bycombinatorial mutagenesis of diacylglycerol acyltransferase,phosphatidate phosphatase, and/or acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptides.Recursive ensemble mutagenesis (REM), a technique which enhances thefrequency of functional mutants in the libraries, can be used incombination with the screening assays to identify polypeptide variants(Arkin and Yourvan (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 7811-7815;Delgrave et al., (1993) Protein Engineering, 6: 327-331). Conservativesubstitutions, such as exchanging one amino acid with another havingsimilar properties, may be desirable as discussed in more detail below.

Polypeptide variants may contain conservative amino acid substitutionsat various locations along their sequence, as compared to a referenceamino acid sequence. A “conservative amino acid substitution” is one inwhich the amino acid residue is replaced with an amino acid residuehaving a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues havingsimilar side chains have been defined in the art, which can be generallysub-classified as follows:

Acidic: The residue has a negative charge due to loss of H ion atphysiological pH and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so asto seek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in whichit is contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiologicalpH. Amino acids having an acidic side chain include glutamic acid andaspartic acid.

Basic: The residue has a positive charge due to association with H ionat physiological pH or within one or two pH units thereof (e.g.,histidine) and the residue is attracted by aqueous solution so as toseek the surface positions in the conformation of a peptide in which itis contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium at physiological pH.Amino acids having a basic side chain include arginine, lysine andhistidine.

Charged: The residues are charged at physiological pH and, therefore,include amino acids having acidic or basic side chains (i.e., glutamicacid, aspartic acid, arginine, lysine and histidine).

Hydrophobic: The residues are not charged at physiological pH and theresidue is repelled by aqueous solution so as to seek the innerpositions in the conformation of a peptide in which it is contained whenthe peptide is in aqueous medium. Amino acids having a hydrophobic sidechain include tyrosine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine and tryptophan.

Neutral/polar: The residues are not charged at physiological pH, but theresidue is not sufficiently repelled by aqueous solutions so that itwould seek inner positions in the conformation of a peptide in which itis contained when the peptide is in aqueous medium. Amino acids having aneutral/polar side chain include asparagine, glutamine, cysteine,histidine, serine and threonine.

This description also characterizes certain amino acids as “small” sincetheir side chains are not sufficiently large, even if polar groups arelacking, to confer hydrophobicity. With the exception of proline,“small” amino acids are those with four carbons or less when at leastone polar group is on the side chain and three carbons or less when not.Amino acids having a small side chain include glycine, serine, alanineand threonine. The gene-encoded secondary amino acid proline is aspecial case due to its known effects on the secondary conformation ofpeptide chains. The structure of proline differs from all the othernaturally-occurring amino acids in that its side chain is bonded to thenitrogen of the α-amino group, as well as the α-carbon. Several aminoacid similarity matrices (e.g., PAM120 matrix and PAM250 matrix asdisclosed for example by Dayhoff et al., (1978), A model of evolutionarychange in proteins. Matrices for determining distance relationships InM. O. Dayhoff, (ed.), Atlas of protein sequence and structure, Vol. 5,pp. 345-358, National Biomedical Research Foundation, Washington D.C.;and by Gonnet et al., (Science, 256: 14430-1445, 1992), however, includeproline in the same group as glycine, serine, alanine and threonine.Accordingly, for the purposes of the present invention, proline isclassified as a “small” amino acid.

The degree of attraction or repulsion required for classification aspolar or nonpolar is arbitrary and, therefore, amino acids specificallycontemplated by the invention have been classified as one or the other.Most amino acids not specifically named can be classified on the basisof known behaviour.

Amino acid residues can be further sub-classified as cyclic ornon-cyclic, and aromatic or non-aromatic, self-explanatoryclassifications with respect to the side-chain substituent groups of theresidues, and as small or large. The residue is considered small if itcontains a total of four carbon atoms or less, inclusive of the carboxylcarbon, provided an additional polar substituent is present; three orless if not. Small residues are, of course, always non-aromatic.Dependent on their structural properties, amino acid residues may fallin two or more classes. For the naturally-occurring protein amino acids,sub-classification according to this scheme is presented in Table A.

TABLE A Amino acid sub-classification Sub-classes Amino acids AcidicAspartic acid, Glutamic acid Basic Noncyclic: Arginine, Lysine; Cyclic:Histidine Charged Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, Arginine, Lysine,Histidine Small Glycine, Serine, Alanine, Threonine, ProlinePolar/neutral Asparagine, Histidine, Glutamine, Cysteine, Serine,Threonine Polar/large Asparagine, Glutamine Hydrophobic Tyrosine,Valine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, TryptophanAromatic Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Phenylalanine Residues that Glycine andProline influence chain orientation

Conservative amino acid substitution also includes groupings based onside chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic sidechains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group ofamino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine andthreonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains isasparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic sidechains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of aminoacids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and agroup of amino acids having sulphur-containing side chains is cysteineand methionine. For example, it is reasonable to expect that replacementof a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with aglutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of anamino acid with a structurally related amino acid will not have a majoreffect on the properties of the resulting variant polypeptide. Whetheran amino acid change results in a functional truncated and/or variantpolypeptide can readily be determined by assaying its enzymaticactivity, as described herein (see, e.g., Example 3). Conservativesubstitutions are shown in Table B under the heading of exemplarysubstitutions. Amino acid substitutions falling within the scope of theinvention, are, in general, accomplished by selecting substitutions thatdo not differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) thestructure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution, (b)the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c)the bulk of the side chain. After the substitutions are introduced, thevariants are screened for biological activity.

TABLE B Exemplary Amino Acid Substitutions Original Residue ExemplarySubstitutions Preferred Substitutions Ala Val, Leu, Ile Val Arg Lys,Gln, Asn Lys Asn Gln, His, Lys, Arg Gln Asp Glu Glu Cys Ser Ser Gln Asn,His, Lys, Asn Glu Asp, Lys Asp Gly Pro Pro His Asn, Gln, Lys, Arg ArgIle Leu, Val, Met, Ala, Phe, Leu Norleu Leu Norleu, Ile, Val, Met, IleAla, Phe Lys Arg, Gln, Asn Arg Met Leu, Ile, Phe Leu Phe Leu, Val, Ile,Ala Leu Pro Gly Gly Ser Thr Thr Thr Ser Ser Trp Tyr Tyr Tyr Trp, Phe,Thr, Ser Phe Val Ile, Leu, Met, Phe, Ala, Leu Norleu

Alternatively, similar amino acids for making conservative substitutionscan be grouped into three categories based on the identity of the sidechains. The first group includes glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine,lysine, histidine, which all have charged side chains; the second groupincludes glycine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, glutamine,asparagine; and the third group includes leucine, isoleucine, valine,alanine, proline, phenylalanine, tryptophan, methionine, as described inZubay, G., Biochemistry, third edition, Wm. C. Brown Publishers (1993).

Thus, a predicted non-essential amino acid residue in a diacylglycerolacyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylasepolypeptide is typically replaced with another amino acid residue fromthe same side chain family. Alternatively, mutations can be introducedrandomly along all or part of a coding sequence, such as by saturationmutagenesis, and the resultant mutants can be screened for an activityof the parent polypeptide to identify mutants which retain thatactivity. Following mutagenesis of the coding sequences, the encodedpeptide can be expressed recombinantly and the activity of the peptidecan be determined. A “non-essential” amino acid residue is a residuethat can be altered from the wild-type sequence of an embodimentpolypeptide without abolishing or substantially altering one or more ofits activities. Suitably, the alteration does not substantially abolishone of these activities, for example, the activity is at least 20%, 40%,60%, 70% or 80% 100%, 500%, 1000% or more of wild-type. An “essential”amino acid residue is a residue that, when altered from the wild-typesequence of a reference polypeptide, results in abolition of an activityof the parent molecule such that less than 20% of the wild-type activityis present. For example, such essential amino acid residues includethose that are conserved in diacylglycerol acyltransferase,phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptides acrossdifferent species, including those sequences that are conserved in theenzymatic sites of polypeptides from various sources.

Accordingly, the present invention also contemplates variants of thenaturally-occurring diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidatephosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase polypeptide sequences or theirbiologically-active fragments, wherein the variants are distinguishedfrom the naturally-occurring sequence by the addition, deletion, orsubstitution of one or more amino acid residues. In general, variantswill display at least about 30, 40, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90,91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99% similarity or sequence identity to areference polypeptide sequence. Moreover, sequences differing from thenative or parent sequences by the addition, deletion, or substitution of1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 or more amino acids but which retain theproperties of a parent or reference polypeptide sequence arecontemplated.

In some embodiments, variant polypeptides differ from a referencediacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoAcarboxylase polypeptide sequence by at least one but by less than 50,40, 30, 20, 15, 10, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3 or 2 amino acid residue(s). In otherembodiments, variant polypeptides differ from a reference by at least 1%but less than 20%, 15%, 10% or 5% of the residues. (If this comparisonrequires alignment, the sequences should be aligned for maximumsimilarity. “Looped” out sequences from deletions or insertions, ormismatches, are considered differences.)

In certain embodiments, a variant polypeptide includes an amino acidsequence having at least about 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94% 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or more sequence identity orsimilarity to a corresponding sequence of a diacylglycerolacyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylasereference polypeptide, and retains the enzymatic activity of thatreference polypeptide.

Calculations of sequence similarity or sequence identity betweensequences (the terms are used interchangeably herein) are performed asfollows. To determine the percent identity of two amino acid sequences,or of two nucleic acid sequences, the sequences are aligned for optimalcomparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of afirst and a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimalalignment and non-homologous sequences can be disregarded for comparisonpurposes). In certain embodiments, the length of a reference sequencealigned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, preferably at least40%, more preferably at least 50%, 60%, and even more preferably atleast 70%, 80%, 90%, 100% of the length of the reference sequence. Theamino acid residues or nucleotides at corresponding amino acid positionsor nucleotide positions are then compared. When a position in the firstsequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue or nucleotide as thecorresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules areidentical at that position.

The percent identity between the two sequences is a function of thenumber of identical positions shared by the sequences, taking intoaccount the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which need to beintroduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences.

The comparison of sequences and determination of percent identitybetween two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematicalalgorithm. In a preferred embodiment, the percent identity between twoamino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman and Wunsch,(1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453) algorithm which has been incorporatedinto the GAP program in the GCG software package, using either a Blossum62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6,or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In yet anotherpreferred embodiment, the percent identity between two nucleotidesequences is determined using the GAP program in the GCG softwarepackage, using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60,70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. A particularlypreferred set of parameters (and the one that should be used unlessotherwise specified) are a Blossum 62 scoring matrix with a gap penaltyof 12, a gap extend penalty of 4, and a frameshift gap penalty of 5.

The percent identity between two amino acid or nucleotide sequences canbe determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (1989,Cabios, 4: 11-17) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program(version 2.0), using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penaltyof 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

The nucleic acid and protein sequences described herein can be used as a“query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, forexample, identify other family members or related sequences. Suchsearches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version2.0) of Altschul, et al., (1990, J. Mol. Biol, 215: 403-10). BLASTnucleotide searches can be performed with the NBLAST program, score=100,wordlength=12 to obtain nucleotide sequences homologous to nucleic acidmolecules of the invention. BLAST protein searches can be performed withthe XBLAST program, score=50, wordlength=3 to obtain amino acidsequences homologous to protein molecules of the invention. To obtaingapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilizedas described in Altschul et al., (1997, Nucleic Acids Res, 25:3389-3402). When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the defaultparameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can beused.

Variants of a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase,or acetyl-CoA carboxylase reference polypeptide can be identified byscreening combinatorial libraries of mutants of a reference polypeptide.Libraries or fragments e.g., N terminal, C terminal, or internalfragments, of protein coding sequence can be used to generate avariegated population of fragments for screening and subsequentselection of variants of a reference polypeptide.

Methods for screening gene products of combinatorial libraries made bypoint mutation or truncation, and for screening cDNA libraries for geneproducts having a selected property are known in the art. Such methodsare adaptable for rapid screening of the gene libraries generated bycombinatorial mutagenesis of polypeptides.

The present invention also contemplates the use of chimeric or fusionproteins for increasing lipid production and/or producing triglycerides.As used herein, a “chimeric protein” or “fusion protein” includes adiacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoAcarboxylase reference polypeptide or polypeptide fragment linked toeither another reference polypeptide (e.g., to create multiplefragments), to a non-reference polypeptide, or to both. A “non-referencepolypeptide” refers to a “heterologous polypeptide” having an amino acidsequence corresponding to a protein which is different from thediacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoAcarboxylase protein sequence, and which is derived from the same or adifferent organism. The reference polypeptide of the fusion protein cancorrespond to all or a portion of a biologically active amino acidsequence. In certain embodiments, a fusion protein includes at least one(or two) biologically active portion of an diacylglycerolacyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylaseprotein. The polypeptides forming the fusion protein are typicallylinked C-terminus to N-terminus, although they can also be linkedC-terminus to C-terminus, N-terminus to N-terminus, or N-terminus toC-terminus. The polypeptides of the fusion protein can be in any order.

The fusion partner may be designed and included for essentially anydesired purpose provided they do not adversely affect the enzymaticactivity of the polypeptide. For example, in one embodiment, a fusionpartner may comprise a sequence that assists in expressing the protein(an expression enhancer) at higher yields than the native recombinantprotein. Other fusion partners may be selected so as to increase thesolubility or stability of the protein or to enable the protein to betargeted to desired intracellular compartments.

The fusion protein can include a moiety which has a high affinity for aligand. For example, the fusion protein can be a GST-fusion protein inwhich the diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidate phosphatase, oracetyl-CoA carboxylase sequences are fused to the C-terminus of the GSTsequences. Such fusion proteins can facilitate the purification and/oridentification of the resulting polypeptide. Alternatively, the fusionprotein can be a diacylglycerol acyltransferase, phosphatidatephosphatase, or acetyl-CoA carboxylase protein containing a heterologoussignal sequence at its N-terminus. In certain host cells, expressionand/or secretion of such proteins can be increased through use of aheterologous signal sequence.

Fusion proteins may generally be prepared using standard techniques. Forexample, DNA sequences encoding the polypeptide components of a desiredfusion may be assembled separately, and ligated into an appropriateexpression vector. The 3′ end of the DNA sequence encoding onepolypeptide component is ligated, with or without a peptide linker, tothe 5′ end of a DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide componentso that the reading frames of the sequences are in phase. This permitstranslation into a single fusion protein that retains the biologicalactivity of both component polypeptides.

A peptide linker sequence may be employed to separate the first andsecond polypeptide components by a distance sufficient to ensure thateach polypeptide folds into its secondary and tertiary structures, ifdesired. Such a peptide linker sequence is incorporated into the fusionprotein using standard techniques well known in the art. Certain peptidelinker sequences may be chosen based on the following factors: (1) theirability to adopt a flexible extended conformation; (2) their inabilityto adopt a secondary structure that could interact with functionalepitopes on the first and second polypeptides; and (3) the lack ofhydrophobic or charged residues that might react with the polypeptidefunctional epitopes. Preferred peptide linker sequences contain Gly, Asnand Ser residues. Other near neutral amino acids, such as Thr and Alamay also be used in the linker sequence. Amino acid sequences which maybe usefully employed as linkers include those disclosed in Maratea etal., Gene 40:39 46 (1985); Murphy et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA83:8258 8262 (1986); U.S. Pat. No. 4,935,233 and U.S. Pat. No.4,751,180. The linker sequence may generally be from 1 to about 50 aminoacids in length. Linker sequences are not required when the first andsecond polypeptides have non-essential N-terminal amino acid regionsthat can be used to separate the functional domains and prevent stericinterference.

The ligated DNA sequences may be operably linked to suitabletranscriptional or translational regulatory elements. The regulatoryelements responsible for expression of DNA are located 5′ to the DNAsequence encoding the first polypeptides. Similarly, stop codonsrequired to end translation and transcription termination signals arepresent 3′ to the DNA sequence encoding the second polypeptide.

In general, polypeptides and fusion polypeptides (as well as theirencoding polynucleotides) are isolated. An “isolated” polypeptide orpolynucleotide is one that is removed from its original environment. Forexample, a naturally-occurring protein is isolated if it is separatedfrom some or all of the coexisting materials in the natural system.Preferably, such polypeptides are at least about 90% pure, morepreferably at least about 95% pure and most preferably at least about99% pure. A polynucleotide is considered to be isolated if, for example,it is cloned into a vector that is not a part of the naturalenvironment.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All of the U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patentapplications and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Generation of DGAT and PAP-Expressing Cyanobacteria

Acinetobacter baylii sp. ADP1, a gram-negative TAG forming prokaryote,contains a well-characterized DGAT (AtfA, also referred to herein asADP1-DGAT). The ADP1-DGAT nucleotide sequence was synthesized and codonoptimized for Selongatus PCC 7942 expression using DNA2.0, received in aplasmid, subcloned using established molecular biology techniques intothe IPTG-inducible vector pAM2991trc (this vector contains sequencesencoding the lacl transcriptional repressor, and the pTrc promoter whichis repressed by Lacl), and recombined into neutral site 1 (NS1) of S.elongatus PCC 7942. Colonies were selected from BG11-spec/strep plates,restreaked for isolation, and tested by PCR for positive colonies.Inducible transcription of the gene was verified by real-time PCR

Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains three characterized phosphatidatephosphatases, one of which is a soluble, non-integral membrane protein,Pah1p (YMR165C). Pah1 plays a major role in the synthesis of TAGs andphospholipids in S. cerevisiae. The Pah1 nucleotide sequence wassynthesized and codon optimized for S. elongatus PCC 7942 expressionusing DNA2.0, received in a plasmid, subcloned using establishedmolecular biology techniques into the IPTG-inducible vector pAM2991trc,and recombined into neutral site 1 (NS1) of S. elongatus PCC 7942.Colonies were selected from BG11-spec/strep plates, restreaked forisolation, and tested by PCR for positive colonies.

A S. elongatus PCC 7942 strain expressing both the ADP1-DGAT and Pah1genes described above was generated by transforming an ADP1-DGATexpressing strain (ADP1-DGAT subcloned into IPTG-inducible vectorpAM1579trc-kanamycin, which recombined in NS2) with the constructcarrying Pah1 from NS1 (described above) and selecting transformants onplates containing kanamycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin. Inducibletranscription of these genes was verified by real-time PCR.

Example 2 Generation of DGAT and ACCase-Expressing Cyanobacteria

Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 contains fours genes encoding the foursubunits of bacterial acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (7002 acc). Thesegenes (accA, accB, accC, and accD) were PCR amplified and two synthetictwo-gene operons were constructed using splicing by overlap extensionPCR techniques. Synthetic operon 1 contains accAD and synthetic operon 2contains accBC. The two synthetic operons were cloned into vectorpTG2087 (pAM2314Ftrc3.) The vector pTG2087 contains regions of homologyfor recombination into neutral site 1 (NS1) of S. elongatus PCC7942,sequences encoding the lacI transcriptional repressor, and the pTrcpromoter which is repressed by Lad. Synthetic 7002 acc operons 1 and 2were cloned into pTG2087, in two separate sites, under control of thepTrc promoter to generate plasmid pTG2087-7002acc. Clone candidates weresequenced to confirm that there were no PCR-induced mutations in thecoding sequence of any of the 7002 acc genes.

pTG2087-7002acc was transformed into S. elongatus PCC 7942 andrecombinants into NS1 were selected by plating on BG11 media containingspectinomycin and streptomycin. Transformants that grew out in thepresence of antibiotic were streaked for isolated colonies and singlecolonies were tested for the presence of the 7002 acc genes in NS1 byPCR. Inducible transcription of the 7002 acc genes was verified byreal-time PCR.

Functional expression of the 7002 acc genes was tested by the ability tocomplement a deletion of the endogenous S. elongatus PCC 7942 accD gene.S. elongatus PCC7942 with synthetic operon 1 (7002 accAD) recombinedinto NS1 was tested for the ability to complement loss of the native S.elongatus accD gene. Successful complementation indicated that the 7002acc genes were functionally expressed in S. elongatus PCC7942.

The S. elongatus PCC7942-7002 accADBC strain was transformed withvectors containing one of two DGAT genes (either ADP1-DGAT or ScoDGATfrom examples 1 and 7) for recombination into NS2. Transformants wereselected by plating on media containing kanamycin. The recombination ofADP1-DGAT or ScoDGAT into NS2 was confirmed by PCR. These strains weretested for triglyceride production using the methods described inexamples 3 and 4.

S. cerevisiae contains one characterized gene encoding an acetyl-CoAcarboxylase (yAcc1), which was isolated from S. cerevisiae, codonoptimized for S. elongatus PCC 7942 expression using DNA2.0, received asa plasmid and subcloned into an IPTG-inducible vector pAM2991 generatingvector pTG2035. This vector was recombined into neutral site 1 (NS1) ofS. elongatus PCC 7942 containing the ADP1-DGAT gene from example 1recombined into NS2. Colonies were selected from a BG11-spectinomycinand streptomycin plate, restreaked for isolation, and tested by PCR forpositive clones. These strains were tested for triglyceride productionusing the methods described in examples 3 and 4.

Example 3 Increased Fatty Acid Production in Cyanobacteria

ADP1-DGAT-expressing Cyanobacteria from Example 1 was tested for theability to produce increased levels of fatty acids. Induction ofADP1-DGAT positive clones was carried out by the addition of 1 mM IPTGwhen culture reached an OD750=0.2. Samples were taken at 24 hours afterinduction, and analyzed for lipid content by gas chromatography (GC).

As seen in FIG. 1, GC results showed a 2-fold increase in lipid contentfor IPTG-induced DGAT compared to un-induced vector control.

Example 4 Triglyceride Production in Cyanobacteria and TLC Analysis ofDGATs

Several enzymes with acylCoA: diacylglycerol acyltransferase activityhave been described in the literature, and a number of homologs wereidentified by conducting homology searches of publicly available DNA andprotein databases. Several DGAT homologs were synthesized, optimized forexpression in Synechoccocus elontatus PCC 7942, and integrated into itsgenome via homologous recombination as described in Example 1.

A modified version of ADP1-DGAT from Example 1 was cloned into vectorpTG2087 (pAM2314Ftrc3), a neutral site 1 expression vector described inExample 2. In this version, the 6 bases immediately following the ATGstart codon of the ADP1-DGAT gene from Example 1 were deleted. Thisstrain was named ADP1-DGATn.

Streptomyces coelicolor is a gram-positive TAG forming prokaryote thatcontains a well-characterized DGAT. The Streptomyces-DGAT (ScoDGAT)nucleotide sequence was synthesized and codon optimized for S. elongatusPCC 7942 expression using DNA2.0. The gene was received in a plasmid,subcloned using established molecular biology techniques into pTG2087(pAM2314Ftrc3), a neutral site 1 expression vector described in Example2, and recombined into neutral site 1 (NS1) of S. elongatus PCC 7942.Colonies were selected from BG11-spec/strep plates, restreaked forisolation and tested by PCR for positive colonies. Inducibletranscription of this gene was verified by real-time PCR.

Alcanivorax borkumensis is a marine protobacteria gamma TAG formingprokaryote that contains a well-characterized DGAT (atfA1). TheAlcanivorax-DGAT (AboDGAT) nucleotide sequence was synthesized and codonoptimized for S. elongatus PCC 7942 expression using DNA2.0. The genewas received in a plasmid, subcloned using established molecular biologytechniques into pTG2087 (pAM2314Ftrc3), a neutral site 1 expressionvector described in Example 2, and recombined into neutral site 1 (NS1)of S. elongatus PCC 7942. Colonies were selected from BG11-spec/strepplates, restreaked for isolation and tested by PCR for positivecolonies. Inducible transcription of this gene was verified by real-timePCR.

Induction experiments for ADP1-DGAT, ADP1-DGATn, ScoDGAT and AboDGATwere performed as described in Example 3. Samples were collected at 24hours post-induction, and total lipid extracts were prepared for TLCanalysis as follows. Pellets were resuspended in 100 ul of water, towhich 375 ul of a 1:2 mixture of chloroform to methanol was added. Cellswere extracted with frequent vortexing for 10 minutes. To this was added125 ul of chloroform, and the extract was vortexed for another minute.Finally, phase separation was produced by adding 125 ul of 1M NaCl, withanother 1 minute of vortexing. To speed separation, the samples werecentrifuged in a clinical centrifuge for 10 minutes at an rcf of 1930.The organic phase was removed to a new tube and dried down in a vacuumdryer. The dry lipid extract was resuspended in 40 ul of a 2:1chloroform:methanol mixture, and either a 6 ul aliquot or the entirevolume was applied to TLC plates (200-um thick silica plates).Chromatography was run using a mobile phase comprised of 75% n-hexane,25% diethylether acidified with 1 ml of glacial acetic acid per 100 mlsolvent mixture. Completed runs were dried, and the lipids were imagedwith primuline (50 mg/L dissolved in an 80% acetone solution). Imageswere recorded digitally using a hand-held UV lamp to excite theprimuline stained plate.

As shown in FIG. 2, all four DGAT genes resulted in TAG production whenexpressed in Cyanobacteria. Moreover, increases in fatty acids wereobserved in ADP1-DGAT, ADP1-DGATn, and AboDGAT expressing strains butnot in ScoDGAT. These results demonstrate that heterologous expressionof several DGATs in Cyanobacteria results in TAG formation.

Example 5 Triacylglyceride and Free Fatty Acid Accumulation in S.elongatus

The S. elongatus PCC 7942 ADP1-DGAT expressing strain described inExample 1 was grown under induction conditions as described in Example3, and total lipid extracts prepared as described in Example 4 weresubjected to HPLC analysis. 40 microL of total lipid extracts wereanalyzed on a Shimadzu Prominence UFLC (Ultra Fast Liquid Chromatograph)connected to an ESA Bioscience Corona CAD Plus detector (Charged AerosolDetector). A Hypersil Gold C8 3 μm 150×4.6 mm column at 0.8 mL/min flowrate was used. A binary gradient system with mobile phase A:methanol/water/acetic acid (750:250:4) and mobile phase B:acetonitrile/methanol/THF/acetic acid (500:375:125:4) was used. Theresults of a typical run are shown in FIG. 3, in which the y axisindicates the intensity of the peaks for the different lipid species,and the x axis indicates the corresponding retention time. Three majorlipid groups, free fatty acids (FFAs), phospholipids, and TAGs areshown, as indentified using representative standards of these lipidspecies (not shown). As can be seen, the induced strain produced TAGs.In the un-induced strain, these were undetectable. Thus, exogenousexpression of DGAT in cyanobacteria results in TAG formation, as shownby TLC.

Example 6 Acyl Chain Composition of TAGs

The ADP1-DGAT and ScoDGAT strains described in Example 1 and 4 wereinduced for TAG production as described in Example 3. Lipid extractswere prepared, and the non polar lipids were separated on a TLC as perthe method described in Example 4. The spots on the TLC platecorresponding to TAGs, as determined by their co-migration withcorresponding standards, were extracted from the TLC plates by cuttingout a rectangular area encompassing each spot. This material was thensubjected to transesterification and GC analysis. As can be seen in FIG.4, the fatty acid composition of the TAGs produced by these two strainsdiffered in that the TAGs produced by the ADP1-DGAT strain consisted ofmixtures of C18 and C16 acyl chains (FIG. 4A), whereas the TAGs fromScoDGAT consisted of mixtures of C16 and C22 acyl chains (FIG. 4B). Thishighlights the different acyl change specificities of these two DGATenzymes and supports the introduction of two or more different DGATsinto modified Cyanobacteria to generate multiple different TAGs.

Example 7 Triacylglyceride Production in Cyanobacteria

A gene encoding a DGAT was introduced into a different strain,Synechcocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 (hereafter referred to as PCC 6803),to determine if DGAT expression correlated with TAG production outsideof S. elongatus PCC 7942. Two mutants were constructed in Synechocystissp. strain PCC 6803. The first mutant carried a gene encoding ADP1-DGATunder control of the Ptrc promoter, a locus encoding kanamycinresistance (nptA) and the lactose repressor (lacI). As a negativecontrol, a strain was constructed that carried nptA and lacI, but notthe ADP1-DGAT gene. Both constructs were built in a neutral site vectordevised for use in PCC 6803.

This vector directs recombination into a neutral site in PCC 6803, aregion between two convergently transcribed native genes that have beendescribed in the literature as non-essential. The mutagenesis generallyfollowed the protocols of Eaton-Rye (Methods in Molecular Biology, Vol24, p 309-323), except that transformants were plated on plain BG-11plates and subjected to increasing kanamycin concentrations by injectingconcentrated kanamycin under the agar pad at 12 and 36 hours. Successfulincorporation of the ADP1-DGAT gene was demonstrated using colony PCR.The plates used for mutagenesis were comprised of 1X BG-11 (Pasteurformulation), 1.25% Bactoagar, and sodium thiosulfate to 3 g/L.

Transformants confirmed to have the correct insertions were grown tolate exponential phase, aliquots of the cultures were centrifuged,washed in BG-11, re-pelleted, and resuspended to 50 ml of BG-11 withkanamycin. Half the cultures were induced with IPTG at a finalconcentration of 1 mM. Typically, samples were taken at 0, 3 and 6 daysof induction. Pelleted samples were stored at −80° C.

Methods similar to those described in Example 4 were used to perform TLCand determine how the expression of ADP1-DGAT affected the TAG contentin PCC 6803. As shown in FIG. 5A, strains that did not carry ADP1-DGATdid not exhibit TAGs on TLC, while strains that did carry ADP1-DGATproduced TAGs. These experiments demonstrated that the engineeredDGAT-dependent production of TAGs first seen in S. elongatus sp. strainPCC 7942 is not unique to that strain, but instead is a general propertyof cyanobacteria engineered to contain a diacyl-glycerol acyltransferaseactivity.

Example 8 Generation of a Salt-Tolerant Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942Strain

S. elongatus sp. PCC 7942 is a freshwater, Cyanobacterium that does notordinarily grow well in high salts. This example describes thegeneration of a Cyanobacterium S. elongatus PCC 7942 mutant that growsin salt or brackish water and can produce TAGs. In addition to beingable to grow in freshwater media (BG11), this strain can grow in saltconcentrations of up to 3% (in BG11 media).

The mutant S. elongatus PCC 7942 strain was selected through severalrounds of growth and dilution in high salt (1.5% NaCl) liquid media.Once a salt tolerant strain emerged (after several months of selection),it was tested for its ability to retain salt tolerance after severalrounds of growth on BG11 plates made from freshwater. The resulting salttolerant strain grew to equal density in either BG11 or 1.5% NaCl-BG11for up to 14 days. The salt tolerant strain grew indistinguishably fromwildtype in BG11, but showed a sharp increase in growth compared towildtype PCC 7942 in media containing NaCl.

An ADP1-DGAT expressing salt tolerant strain of S. elongatus PCC 7942was generated by transforming the salt strain described above with theADP1-DGAT construct described in Example 1. This ADP1-DGAT salt tolerantstrain showed a growth advantage over the ADP1-DGAT non-salt tolerantstrain in media containing up to 3% salt and produced similar amounts ofTAGs as the ADP1-DGAT parental non salt tolerant strain (FIG. 5B). Thisstrain could be useful in production settings where it may beadvantageous to use brackish water or seawater.

1. A method of producing a triglyceride, a wax ester or both in aphotosynthetic microorganism, comprising culturing a modifiedCyanobacterium comprising an exogenous polynucleotide encoding aprokaryotic diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), wherein said modifiedCyanobacterium produces a triglyceride, a wax ester or both.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said DGAT is an Acinetobacter DGAT, aStreptomyces DGAT, or an Alcanivorax DGAT.
 3. The method of claim 2,wherein said DGAT is a Streptomyces DGAT.
 4. The method of claim 3,wherein said Streptomyces DGAT is a Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT, or abiologically active fragment or variant thereof.
 5. The method of claim4, wherein said Streptomyces coelicolor DGAT comprises a polypeptidesequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
 14. 6. The method of claim 2, whereinsaid DGAT is an Alcanivorax DGAT.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein saidAlcanivorax DGAT is an Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT, or a biologicallyactive fragment or variant thereof.
 8. The method of claim 7, whereinsaid Alcanivorax borkumensis DGAT comprises a polypeptide sequence setforth in SEQ ID NO:15.
 9. The method of claim 2, wherein said DGAT is anAcinetobacter DGAT.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein saidAcinetobacter DGAT is a Acinetobacter baylii ADP1 diacylglycerolacyltransferase (AtfA), or a biologically active fragment or variantthereof.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said AtfA comprises apolypeptide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:18.
 12. Themethod of claim 1, wherein said modified Cyanobacterium furthercomprises an exogenous polynucleotide encoding a phosphatidatephosphatase and/or an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase).
 13. The method ofclaim 12, wherein said phosphatidate phosphatase is a yeastphosphatidate phosphatase.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein saidACCase is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ACCase, a Synechococcus sp. 7002ACCase, or a Triticum aestivum ACCase.
 15. The method of claim 1,wherein said exogenous polynucleotide is present in an expressionconstruct.
 16. The method of claim 15, wherein said expression constructis stably integrated into the modified photosynthetic microorganism'sgenome.
 17. The method of claim 15, wherein said expression constructcomprises an inducible promoter.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein saidexogenous polynucleotide is codon-optimized for expression in aCyanobacterium.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein said Cyanobacteriumis S. elongatus PCC 7942, a salt tolerant variant of S. elongatus PCC7942, Synechococcus PCC 7002 or Synechocystis PCC
 6803. 20. The methodof claim 1, wherein said modified Cyanobacterium comprises an exogenouspolynucleotide encoding Acinetobacter baylii ADP1 diacylglycerolacyltransferase (AtfA), or a biologically active fragment or variantthereof, wherein said exogenous polynucleotide is codon-optimized forexpression in Cyanobacterium, wherein expression of said Acinetobacterbaylii ADP1 diacylglycerol acyltransferase (AtfA), or biologicallyactive fragment or variant thereof, is regulated by an induciblepromoter, and wherein said modified Cyanobacterium is S. elongatusPCC7942 or a salt-tolerant version thereof.
 21. A method of producing atriglyceride, a wax ester or both in a photosynthetic microorganism,comprising culturing a modified Cyanobacterium comprising an exogenouspolynucleotide encoding a prokaryotic diacylglycerol acyltransferase(DGAT) that uses acyl-ACP as a substrate, wherein said modifiedCyanobacterium produces a triglyceride, a wax ester or both.